How does the formation of NAD+ differ between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A. NAD+ is formed in aerobic respiration by a fermentation process and formed in anaerobic respiration by oxidation of NADH.
B. NAD+ is formed by a fermentation process in anaerobic respiration by the conversion of pyruvate into lactate and by simple oxidation of NADH in aerobic respiration.
C. Under aerobic conditions, the electron acceptor is a molecule other than oxygen for NAD+ production, whereas under anaerobic conditions the electron acceptor is oxygen.
D. NAD+ is formed by the breakdown of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate in anaerobic respiration whereas in aerobic respiration it is formed by the breakdown of pyruvate into lactic acid or alcohol.
Answer:
B. NAD+ is formed by a fermentation process in anaerobic respiration by the conversion of pyruvate into lactate and by simple oxidation of NADH in aerobic respiration.
Explanation:
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an important coenzyme that may exist in two different forms: oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). The fermentation is an anaerobic oxidation-reduction reaction where pyruvate and NADH are reactants, while lactate and NAD+ are products generated by the oxidation of NADH to NAD+ and pyruvate to lactate, respectively. On the other hand, during aerobic respiration, NADH generated by glycolysis is oxidized to form NAD+ by the donation of its electrons to reduce pyruvate to lactate. Subsequently, NAD+ is reused in glycolysis (again) in order to generate more molecules of ATP.
Which of the following is true regarding the machinery of translation?
a. A single mRNA can be translated simultaneously by several ribosomes.
b. tRNAs released from the ribosome are degraded B) termination and eukaryotes utilizes three different release factors.
c. Polycistronic MRNA usually has a single ribosome binding site.
e. once a single mRNA strand is translated once it is degraded
Answer:
The correct answer is: a. A single mRNA can be translated simultaneously by several ribosomes.
Explanation:
Ribosomes are structures composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that direct the process of translation, with the help of special proteins and key molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA) that are 'able to read' the codons in the mRNA. To help with this 'reading', ribosomes move through the mRNA strand as the translation moves forward, placing the anticodons presented by the tRNA molecules with their specific match - each mRNA codon - forming a strand of amino acids.
To ease the process in the cases where the molecule to be translated is a polypeptide, groups of ribosomes form a polysome and they all translate one single mRNA strand at the same time. Each of these ribosomes starts translating from the first codon and stop when the stop codon appears.
The true statement regarding the machinery of translation is ; ( A ) A single mRNA can be translated simultaneously by several ribosomes
Translation is the process of producing protein with the use of RNA ( i.e. the process of protein synthesis from an mRNA template ) during translation the code found in the template is converted into an amino acid sequence.
Ribosomes are composed of rRNA which directs the process of translation with the proteins and key molecules such as tRNA.
Hence we can conclude that the true statement regarding the machinery of translation is A single mRNA can be translated simultaneously by several ribosomes.
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Genes A and B are neutral. A weakly beneficial mutation arises in the population. This mutation is 100 base pairs away from Gene A and 1000 base pairs away from Gene B. If this mutation were to go to fixation within the population, which gene would be more likely to go to fixation and what is the term for this process? Is there any reason to suspect that one or both of these genes may not go to fixation? Why or why not?
Answer:
Both genes would be likely to go to fixationThe term for this process is "linked genes"The reason to suspect that both of these genes may not go to fixation is that they are too close to the mutation and the recombination frequency between them is very very low.Explanation:
Independent assortment law establishes that the alleles from two or more different genes distribute in gametes independently from each other. In other words, a gamete receives an allele from a gene that does not depend nor influence the allele of another gene in the same gamete. This can only be applied to independent genes. These genes segregate independently after crossing-over because they are located far away from each other.
Some other genes, however, are too close to each other and they do not segregate independently. These are the linked genes that do not exhibit an independent distribution, and they inherit together more frequently.
Crossing-over between linked genes that are very close to each other in the chromosome is not that common. Crossing-over during meiosis occurs randomly in different positions all along the chromosome, and its occurrence frequency in the area between two genes depends on the distance between them. A short distance between genes is a very little target for crossing-over to occur, which means that only a few of them will happen, compared with the number of events between genes that are more separated between each other.
Two genes that are very close will have a few recombination events and are strongly bounded.
The more separated two genes are, the more chances of recombination there will be. The closer they are, the fewer chances of recombination there will be.
Genes that express 50% of recombination frequency or more are not linked genes.
To analyze the recombination frequency, we have to know that
1% of recombination = 1 map unit = 1centi Morgan = 1,000,000 base pairs.
And that the maximum recombination frequency is always 50%.
The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which every 100 meiotic products one of them results in a recombinant one.
In the exposed example we know that the distance of gene A from the mutation is 100 base pairs, and the distance of gene B from the mutation is 1000 base pairs.
1,000,000 base pairs ------------------ 1% recombination frequency
1000 base pairs -----------------------X = 0.001% recombination frequency
100 base pairs ------------------------ X = 0.0001% recombination frequency
According to the recombination frequency between the mutation and gene A, and between the mutation and gene B, we can assume that both genes are linked to the mutation, as they seem to be too close to it. They are so close, that their recombination frequency is very little.
why do neutral elements form ions ?
Answer:
because they can be atoms
Explanation:
and they can also remove one or more electrons at a negatively charged.
PLEASE HELP URGENT!!! I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST
Answer:
Explanation:
2. amoxicillin works against a wider variety of bacteria
3. narrow spectrum antibiotics work on a few types of bacteria and broad spectrum antibiotics target many types of bacteria
4. the overuse of antibiotics can lead to bacteria becoming resistant to treatment, which can lead to needing stronger antibiotics
life in desert biomes tend to be limited by
Answer:
Low amounts of water
Explanation:
Deserts mean areas with low amounts of water and animals are not able to survive without water therefore not having water is a limiting factor
(Limiting factors can also be said as limited by)
Sea turtles spend most of their lives at sea feeding on jellyfish. When it is time to lay their eggs, mature females come ashore. They dig
nests in the sand along the coast, lay their eggs, and then return to the sea. The data below show the changing sea levels since the late
1800s.
Answer:
this is not a very clear question T-T
Explanation:
wish i could help
Answer:
Explanation:
Afterwards, only females come ashore to nest; males almost never return to land ... Most females return faithfully to the same beach each time they are ready to nest. ... When the turtle has finished digging the egg chamber, she begins to lay eggs. ... Well over 90% of a sea turtle's life is spent in the water – feeding, mating, ...
Question 1
The heat from a lamp allows a lizard to remain warm. This is an
example of which type of heat transfer?
Cold Blood
Conduction
Radiation
Convection
Answer:
Answer is radiation
Explanation:
Took the test!
Which of the following represents a duplication in the DNA sequence A-G-T-C-T? 1. T-C-A-G-A 2. A-G-G-T-C-T 3. A-G-T-C-T 4. G-A-C-T-T )Helppp
Muscle cells contract using ATP. There is little ATP in your blood stream. How do your muscle cells get ATP they need to contract and move you?
1. ADP enters the cells from the bloodstream and it turns into ATP by adding a phosphate group in the nucleus
2. glucose from the bloodstream enters the cells and the mitochondria turns it into ATP
3. amino acids in the muscle tissue are broken down into ATP in the nucleus
4. glycogen from the bloodstream is turned directly into ATP by using enzyme glycanase
Answer:
I think its 1 or 2 my guy
Explanation:
I did this on some paper
Answer:
It's B
Explanation:
why do our digestive systems produce separate enzymes to digest proteins, fats, and carbohydrates?
Answer:
The digestive system produces different types of enzymes in order to convert proteins, fats and carbohydrates into smaller molecules and facilitate their absorption.
Explanation:
Once food is ingested, it must go through a process of digestion, which involves the conversion of food into smaller molecules, in order to facilitate its absorption at the intestinal level.
There are different enzymes, produced in the digestive system, for this purpose:
Proteases degrade meat proteins to convert them into amino acids. Lipases convert fats into fatty acids. Amylases convert sugars and carbohydrates into glucose.The main objective is to obtain the fundamental components of each food to be assimilated by the organism, via intestinal absorption.
Plz help I’ll make you brainliest if correct
Answer:
it would be C, since an abiotic factor is a non-living thing that helps shape the ecosystem.
Explanation:
If you look at A it lists flowers, which are alive. If you look at B it lists bacteria, which is alive. C doesn't list anything thats alive. D lists insects, which are alive.
Answer:
c is the ans
Explanation:
Abiotic factors include water, sunlight, oxygen, soil and temperature.
Which best describes the relationship between genetic variation and adaptation?
Answer:
Genetics are something that everyone (or only you) have. And adaptation is getting something from someone. Or Adapting to that.
Explanation:
Which are the two most important factors determining the movement of ions across the cell membrane?
Answer:
The two most important factors determining the movement of ions across the cell membrane are: the permeability of the molecule in the membrane, and the existence of an energy source.
Explanation:
Ions are charged molecules that, no matter their size, cannot pass through the membrane by simple diffusion because of the nature of the lipid bilayer of the membrane.
Ions can move across the cell membrane in two different ways: passive transport and active transport. The disparity between these two relies on the usage of ATP (energy) - passive transport doesn't need ATP while active transport does. This is where the availability of a source of energy is important, because if there isn't, then active transport is impossible.
On the other hand, ions can move through the cell membrane without the use of energy by diffusing through the membrane with the help of specific membrane proteins that form channels for ions to pass through - and this is where permeability matters: if the cell membrane is permeable to a specific ion, it means that it has opened channels for that ion to use; and this ion will move from one fluid to the other (intracellular or extracellular) following its concentration gradient (for example, sodium is poorly concentrated in the inside of the cell, while is highly concentrated on the outside - this means that sodium will go through the membrane to get inside the cell and even the concentrations between the two fluids, but only if the membrane is permeable to sodium!).
Does corn syrup have more solutes than an egg?
An energy pyramid shows the amount of available at each feeding level in an ecosystem.
Answer:
An energy pyramid is a diagram that compares the energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels. In other words, an energy pyramid shows how much energy is available at each trophic level. Energy is lost at each trophic level of a food chain.
Answer:
its energy
Explanation:
took the quiz
Color blindness is a recessive X-linked trait. A normal couple has a color-blind child. At least one member of the couple's families is colorblind, who is this most likely to be?a) the child's paternal grandmotherb) the child's paternal grandmother or grandfatherc) the child's maternal grandmotherd) the child's paternal grandfathere) the child's maternal grandfather
Answer:
c or e
Explanation:
The correct answer would be the child's maternal grandmother or grandfather.
For X-linked traits, only females can be carriers while males are either affected or totally free from the trait. This is because females have two X (XX) chromosomes while males have only one (XY).
Since the couple is normal, it means the father is free from color blindness. The only available option now is the mother and since she is phenotypically normal, it means that she is a carrier of the disease. She must have inherited the allele from either of her parents, but not from both. If she had inherited an affected X chromosome from each of her parents, she would have been phenotypically affected for color blindness.
Hence, the child's color-blind allele can only be traced back to either of the child's maternal grandmother or grandfather.
The correct option is c or e.
The member of the couple's family who is this most likely to be colorblind is the child's maternal grandfather.
An X-linked recessive inherited genetic trait is transmitted from parent to child through mutations in genes localized on the X chromosome.In males, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed because males contain only one X chromosome.In consequence, in this case, the mother should be a normal carrier of the disease/condition, thereby her dominant X-linked allele can mask the expression of the recessive (daltonic) allele, which is passed to the child from the maternal grandfather.In conclusion, the member of the couple's family who is this most likely to be colorblind is the child's maternal grandfather.
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Match the following:
A
1. Relative humidity
2. Rainfall
3. Wind speed
4. Temperature
5. Atmospheric pressure
B
•millibars
• kilometres per hour
• degree Celsius
• per cent
• centimetres
Answer:
को 'वीर सिपाही' क्यों कहा
True or False: A is the hanging wall and B is the foot wall.
Answer:
False
Explanation:
so they hanging walls above the plane of the fault (and over your head and the footwall is below the plane of the fault (and is under your feet)
In which biome would you find the highest biodiversity?
A)
grassland
B)
tundra
C)
savanna
D)
deciduous forest
E)
rainforest
How does the control group setup in an experimental differ from the other setups in the same experiment?
Answer:
A control group setup in an experiment is used to see if there are other variables in play during the experiment. Say I was to test which type of blood is a shark's favorite, my control would be putting red paint in one of the set ups to see if the shark is just interested in the red color of blood, instead of the other types of blood.
Explanation:
Answer:
The control group does not receive the independent variable during the experiment.
Explanation:
The group that will receive the independent variable during the experiment is the experimental group. The dependent variable is what you will measure as a result. The control group is not receiving the independent variable during the group, as it is what you're measuring the experimental group to.
what solution describes a saturated solution?
Answer:
This is not my answer, I found it on the internet.
No more solutes can be dissolved in a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure.
Explanation:
A saturated solution is a solution that consists of maximum amount and concentration of the solute that is dissolved in the solvent.
The extra amount of solute cannot be dissolved in a saturated solution.
The saturated solution is composed of solute and solvent and solvent cannot dissolve more solute at some extent.
The carbonated beverage is an ideal example of saturated solution.
A saturated solution is one that contains the greatest concentration and amount of the solute dissolved in the solvent. In a saturated solution, the excess solute cannot dissolve.
What is Saturated solution?Solvent and solute make up the saturated solution, and to a certain extent, solvent cannot dissolve more solute. A saturated solution is best exemplified by fizzy beverages.
A solute's solubility is the greatest amount of that solute that can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure. The moles of solute per volume (mol/L) or the mass of solute per mass of solvent (g/g) are other common ways to express solubility.
There is typically a limit to how much solute can dissolve in a given amount of solvent, even for extremely soluble compounds. In general, temperature and pressure—for gases—as well as the energy components we have already covered affect a substance's solubility.
Therefore, A saturated solution is one that contains the greatest concentration and amount of the solute dissolved in the solvent. In a saturated solution, the excess solute cannot dissolve.
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2. Which of the following does NOT contribute to globalization?
a) Countries protect their trade positions by increasing tariffs on foreign imports
b) Technological advances allow for decreased communications costs
c) Containerization makes international shipping inexpensive
d) Countries ratify new free trade agreements
Victor has been studying the vascular systems of plants. He wanted to find out if food coloring would travel up the stalk of celery faster if the temperature of the water increased. Victor set up his experiment with three cups of colored water at different temperatures, three equal sized celery stalks, and a stopwatch. Cup A was filled with colored water at 21 C. Cup B was filled with cold colored water at 4 C, and Cup C was filled with warm colored water at 30 C. One celery stalk was placed in each cup at the same time. Victor timed how long it took the colored water to travel to the leaves at the top of the celery stalk. He measured the time in minutes. What is the independent variable
Answer:
temperature
Explanation:
The independent variable would be the colored water at different temperatures.
The independent variables are changeable or controllable variables supplied directly by researchers in the course of experiments. They produce effects on the dependent variable and are thus referred to as the 'cause' variable. The dependent variables are referred to as the 'effect' variables because their values vary based on that of the independent variables.
In this case, the only controlled variable of all the variables supplied by Victor is the temperature of the colored water. Changing the temperature of the colored water is expected to have effects on the time it will take for the colored water to travel to up the stalk of celery. Hence, the temperature is considered as the independent variable while the time it takes for the colored water to travel to the leave would be the dependent variable.
Structure of a Water molecule
Answer:
A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. ... This molecular structure leads to hydrogen bonding, which is a stabilized structure in which a hydrogen atom is in a line between the oxygen atom on its own molecule and the oxygen on another molecule.
Explanation:
Select all of the following that describe RNA.
Check all that apply.
nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose
always occurs as a double-stranded helix
can be single-stranded
can catalyze chemical reactions
the nitrogenous base thymine is used instead of guanine
the nitrogenous base uracil is used instead of thymine
nucleotides contain the sugar ribose
The statements that describe RNA are ;
Nucleotides contain the sugar ribose ( 7 )Can be single stranded ( 3 )The nitrogenous base uracil is used instead of thymine ( 6 )RNA and DNA are similar in some ways because they are both nucleic acids but the characteristics of RNA that makes it different from DNA is that RNA is mostly single stranded with it Nucleotides containing ribose instead of deoxyribose.
The RNA ( Ribonucleic acid ) nucleotides are composed of certain bases i.e. adenine, guanine, and cytosine also it contains uracil in place of thymine.
Hence we can conclude that the statements that describe RNA are ; Nucleotides contain the sugar ribose, Can be single stranded, The nitrogenous base uracil is used instead of thymine.
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Outermost solid layer of earth A:crust. B:mantle. C:outer core. D;inner core
Answer: crust
Explanation: The crust is the most outer layer sold layer of planet Earth. We live on the crust of the Earth. Therefore, crust is the answer.
Hope this helps!
Why does the amount of energy available change as you move from one
trophic level to the next? Does this process still follow the Law of
Conservation of Energy? Explain your reasoning.
Answer:
hope it helps you
Explanation:
Energy decreases as it moves up trophic levels because energy is lost as metabolic heat when the organisms from one trophic level are consumed by organisms from the next level. Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) measures the amount of energy that is transferred between trophic levels.
What are the seven 7 levels of
classification?
Answer:
from largest to smallest the 7 levels of classification are: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Explanation:
^
PLEASE HELP ASAP WILL MARK BRAINLIEST!
-
list five different system interactions for the topic of acid rain
Answer:
1. Effects of Acid Rain on Fish and Wildlife
The ecological effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in aquatic environments, such as streams, lakes, and marshes where it can be harmful to fish and other wildlife. As it flows through the soil, acidic rain water can leach aluminum from soil clay particles and then flow into streams and lakes.
2. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees
Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas affected by acid rain. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow.
3. Buffering Capacity
Many forests, streams, and lakes that experience acid rain don’t suffer effects because the soil in those areas can buffer the acid rain by neutralizing the acidity in the rainwater flowing through it. The soil becomes thin because of this and lacks the ability to adequately neutralize the acid in the rain water. As a result, these areas are particularly vulnerable and the acid and aluminum can accumulate in the soil, streams, or lakes.
4. Episodic Acidification
Melting snow and heavy rain downpours can result in what is known as episodic acidification. This can result in short-term stress on the ecosystem where a variety of organisms or species may be injured or killed.
5. Nitrogen Pollution
It’s not just the acidity of acid rain that can cause problems. Acid rain also contains nitrogen, and this can have an impact on some ecosystems. For example, nitrogen pollution in our coastal waters is partially responsible for declining fish and shellfish populations in some areas. In addition to agriculture and wastewater, much of the nitrogen produced by human activity that reaches coastal waters comes from the atmosphere.
Explanation:
Not sure if this is what the question was asking for.
Acid rain is defined as rain or any other kind of precipitation that is particularly acidic, including high quantities of hydrogen ions. Acid rain has a pH lower than drinking water, ranging from 4-5 on average.
What are the different system interactions for acid rain ?1. Acid Rain's Impact on Fish and Wildlife
Acid rain's biological consequences are most visible in aquatic areas such as streams, lakes, and marshes, where it can affect fish and other species. Acidic rain water can drain aluminum from soil clay particles as it passes through the soil and into streams and lakes.
2. Acid Rain's Effects on Plants and Trees
In acid rain-affected locations, dead or dying trees are prevalent. Aluminum is leached from the soil by acid rain. Aluminum may be damaging to both plants and animals. Acid rain also depletes the soil of minerals and nutrients required by trees to develop.
3. Capacity for Buffering
Many woods, streams, and lakes that experience acid rain remain unaffected because the soil in such locations can buffer the acidity in the precipitation flowing through it. As a result, the soil becomes thin and unable to effectively neutralize the acid in the rain water. As a result, these locations are more sensitive, and the acid and aluminum can build up in the soil, streams, and lakes.
4. Acidification on Occasional Basis
Melting snow and strong rain can cause a condition known as episodic acidification. This can cause short-term stress in the environment, injuring or killing a range of creatures or species.
5. Nitrogen Pollution
Not only may the acidity of acid rain cause difficulties. Acid rain includes nitrogen, which can have an influence on some ecosystems. Nitrogen contamination in our coastal waterways, for example, is partly to blame for dwindling fish and shellfish populations in some locations. Aside from agriculture and sewerage, much of the nitrogen created by human activities that reaches coastal waterways originates in the atmosphere.
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