Answer:
The increase in the money supply will be "833333.33".
Explanation:
The real reserve ratio of either a lender seems to be the proportion of overall reserves another bank currently occupies onto another. It consists of the proportion they become required to secure forward with, referred to that as the reserve requirement expected, including whatever extra those who happen to retain onto this.According to the question,
The multiplier will be:
⇒ [tex]\frac{1}{RRR}[/tex]
⇒ [tex]\frac{100}{12}[/tex]
⇒ [tex]\frac{25}{3}[/tex]
So the increase will be:
⇒ [tex]100000\times \frac{25}{3}[/tex]
⇒ [tex]833333.33[/tex]
Clover Corporation uses a standard costing system in which variable manufacturing overhead is assigned to production on the basis of the number of machine hours. The following data pertain to one month's operations:
Standard machine hours allowed for actual production: 3,550 MH
Actual machine hours for the month: 4,000 MH
Actual variable manufacturing overhead costs incurred: $ 80,000
Variable overhead spending variance: $ 5,450 Unfavorable
What is variable overhead rate variance?
A. S 9,450.00 unfavorable
B. S9,450.00 favorable
C. 4,000.00 unfavorable
D. 4,000.00 favorable
E. Not determinable
Answer:
D. 4,000.00 favorable
Explanation:
The formula for variable overhead spending variance provided below gives a clue on deriving the correct option.
variable overhead spending variance=actual variable spending overhead-budgeted variable spending overhead.
$5450=$ 80,000-budgeted variable spending overhead
budgeted variable spending overhead=$80,000-$5450=$74550
standard overhead rate=budgeted variable spending overhead/Standard machine hours allowed for actual production
standard overhead rate=$74550 /3550=$21
variable overhead rate variance=( standard rate* Actual machine hrs)-(actual rate*Actual machine hrs)
actual rate=Actual variable manufacturing overhead costs incurred/Actual machine hours for the month=$80,000/4000=$20
variable overhead rate variance=($21*4000)-($20*4000)=$4000(favorable since actual is lower than standard,hence, cost savings)
What is the fundamental economic problem?
..........................
Drag the tiles to the correct boxes to complete the pairs.
Determine the management style that corresponds with each term.
Lila has complete faith in her team. She believes in
empowering them to make decisions.
Jacob prefers to make all decisions himself. He does
not like it when his employees question his decisions
Hannah makes a final decision after listen to
and considering her employees' suggestions
bureaucratic
laissez-faire
11
autocratic
Answer:
Lila: laissez-faire Jacob: autocratic Hannah: bureaucratic
Explanation:
Lila lets her team do their part and does not intervene.
Jacob wants complete control and would rather make all decisions, giving his employees no say.
Hannah considers all employee decisions, but makes the final choice.
The following information was available from the inventory records of Sheffield Corp. for January: Units Unit Cost Total Cost Balance at January 1 9200 $9.73 $89516 Purchases: January 6 6400 10.31 65984 January 26 7900 10.71 84609 Sales January 7 (7700 ) January 31 (11300 ) Balance at January 31 4500 Assuming that Sheffield does not maintain perpetual inventory records, what should be the inventory at January 31, using the weighted-average inventory method, rounded to the nearest dollar
Answer:
$45,990
Explanation:
The Weighted Average Cost Method, calculates a new Unit Cost with every purchase that is made. This is applicable to perpetual Inventory method. In this case we are required to use the periodic Inventory method (Sheffield does not maintain perpetual inventory records). Thus our Unit Cost is calculated from Inventory available for Sale.
Step 1
Units Available For Sales Calculation :
Opening Balance 9,200
Add Purchases (6,400 + 7,900) 14,300
Units Available for Sale 23,500
Less Units Sold (7700 + 11300) (19,000)
Ending Inventory Units 4,500
Step 2
Unit Cost = Total Cost ÷ Units Available for Sale
= ($89,516 + $65,984 + $84,609) ÷ 23,500
= $10.22
Step 3
Ending Inventory = Units in Stock × Unit Cost
= 4,500 × $10.22
= $45,990
How does a subsidy provided for a good affect consumers?
A
It protects consumers from an unsafe good.
B
It lowers prices for the good but may reduce choice.
C
It decreases supply of the good, so consumers pay more for it.
D
It increases consumers’ incomes and encourages consumers to buy the good.
Answer: D. It increases consumers’ incomes and encourages consumers to buy the good
Explanation:
A subsidy is an amount of money that is given by the government to producers or farmers so as to increase the production of a particular good and also to reduce the price of the good.
Subsidies affect consumers as it increases consumers’ incomes and encourages consumers to buy the good. This is because the subsidized goods will be sold at a cheaper price which means that the income of the consumer is increased and also encourages more purchases of the good.
8-4 Valuing Commercial Real Estate BuildingOne Properties is a limited partnership formed with the express purpose of investing in commercial real estate. The firm is currently considering the acquisition of an office building that we refer to simply as building B. Building B is very similar to building A, which recently sold for $36,960,000. BuildingOne has gathered general information about the two buildings, including valuation information for building A:
Answer:
the question is incomplete:
Buildings A and B are similar in size (80,000 and 90,000 square feet, respectively). However, the two buildings differ both in maintenance costs ($23 and $30 per square foot) and rental rates ($100 versus $120 per square foot). At this point, we do not know why these differences exist. Nonetheless, the differences are real and should somehow be accounted for in the analysis of the value of building B using data based on the sale of building A. Building A sold for $462 per square foot, or $36,960,000. This reflects a sales multiple of six times the building’s net operating income (NOI) of $6,160,000 per year and a capitalization rate of 16.67%.
NOI of building A = ($100 x 80,000 ft²) - ($23 x 80,000 ft²) = $6,160,000
NOI of building B = ($120 x 90,000 ft²) - ($30 x 90,000 ft²) = $8,100,000
building B's market value = NOI / capitalization rate = $8,100,000 / 0.1667 = $48,600,000
property value = $48,600,000 / 90,000 ft² = $540 per ft²
Proponents of rational expectations argued that the sacrifice ratio:______.a. could be high because people might adjust their expectations quickly if they found anti-inflation policy credible. b. could be low because people might adjust their expectations quickly if they found anti-inflation policy credible. c. could be low because it was rational for people not to immediately change their expectations. d. could be high because it was rational for people not to immediately change their expectations.
Answer:
b. could be low because people might adjust their expectations quickly if they found anti-inflation policy credible
Explanation:
In the given situation, it is mentioned that the rational expectations proponets said that the sacrified ratio would be lesser as the people wants to adjust their expectations in a fastest way in the case when they found that the anti-inflation policy is credible
Therefore as per the given situation, the option b is correct
Factor Weight A B C
Convenience 0.15 85 85 82
Parking facilities 0.20 70 91 91
Display area 0.18 87 97 90
Shopper traffic 0.27 95 90 92
Operating costs 0.10 86 90 97
Neighborhood 0.10 88 92 84
1.00
Using the above factor ratings, calculate the composite score for each location.
Answer and Explanation:
The composite score for each location is as follows;
The Composite score for Location A is
= 85 × 0.15 + 70 × 0.2 + 87 × 0.18 + 0.27 × 95 + 86 × 0.1 + 88 × 0.1
= 85.7
= 86
The Composite score for Location B is
= 85 × 0.15 + 91 × 0.2 + 97 × 0.18 + 90 × 0.27 + 90 × 0.1 + 0.1 ×92
= 90.91
= 91
The Composite score for Location C is
= 82 × 0.15 + 91 × 0.2 + 90 × 0.18 + 92 × 0.27 + 97 × 0.1 + 0.1 ×84
= 89.64
= 90
During its first year of operations, Riverbed Corp had these transactions pertaining to its common stock. Jan. 10 Issued 26,300 shares for cash at $4 per share. July 1 Issued 56,500 shares for cash at $7 per share. (a) Journalize the transactions, assuming that the common stock has a par value of $4 per share. (b) Journalize the transactions, assuming that the common stock is no-par with a stated value of $1 per share.
Answer and Explanation:
The journal entries are shown below:
1.
On Jan.10
Cash (26,300 shares × $4) $105,200
To Common stock $105,200
(Being the issuance of the common stock for cash is recorded)
On July 1
Cash (56,500 shares × $7) $395,500
To Common stock (56,500 shares × $4) $226,000
To Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par Value $169,500
(Being the issuance of the common stock for cash is recorded)
2.
On Jan.10
Cash (26,300 shares × $4) $105,200
To Common stock (26,300 shares × $1) $26,300
To Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value $78,900
(Being the issuance of the common stock for cash is recorded)
On July 1
Cash (56,500 shares × $7) $395,500
To Common stock (56,500 shares × $1) $56,500
To Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value $339,000
(Being the issuance of the common stock for cash is recorded)
Adams Company is a manufacturing company that has worked on several production jobs during the first quarter of the year. Below is a list of all the jobs for the quarter: Job. No. Balance 356 $ 450 357 1,235 358 378 359 689 360 456 Jobs 356, 357, 358, and 359 were completed. Jobs 356 and 357 were sold at a profit of $500 on each job. What is the balance of Sales for Adams Company at the end of the first quarter
Answer: $2,685
Explanation:
For the balance of Sales, look at Jobs that were sold in the first quarter.
Jobs 356 and 357.
They were sold at $500 profit each.
Balance of sales = (450 + 500) + (1,235 + 500)
= $2,685
garcia company has 11,600 units of its product that were produced last year at a total cost of $174,000. the units were damaged in a rainstorm because the warehouse where they were stored developed a leak in the roof. garcia can sell the units as is for $2 each or it can repair the units at a total cost of $19,600 and then sell them for $5 each. calculate the incremental net income if the units are repaired
Answer:
If the company repairs the units, income will increase by $15,200.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Units= 11,600
Garcia can sell the units as is for $2 each or, it can repair the units at a total cost of $19,600 and then sell them for $5 each.
We will not take into account the original cost of production because they remain constant in both options.
Sell as-is:
Effect on income= 11,600*2= $23,200
Repair:
Effect on income= 11,600*5 - 19,600= $38,400
If the company repairs the units, income will increase by $15,200.
During her womanhood ceremony, Dasheena Cochise spends 4 days being tested and ultimately being renamed and remade as a member of her community. Which of the following is not true of this ceremony
A. it is a rite of passage
B. it reproduces a social order
C. it translates beliefs into action
D. it communicates values through symbols
E. it affirms sacred cycles (including life cycles)
F. it is essentially about the individual rather than the community
Answer:
The statement that is not true of this ceremony is:
F. it is essentially about the individual rather than the community
Explanation:
The focus of this communal rite of passage is not the individual but the community because during the rite, the sense of the individual is replaced by the sense of the community. It instils in the initiates a sense that they are no longer individuals but members of the community with some rights and privileges. Community values are communicated through a sophisticated system of beliefs and practices that affirm sacred cycles.
During March 2019, Alaska Corporation recorded $266,000 of costs related to factory overhead. Alaska's overhead application rate is based on direct labor hours. The preset formula for overhead application estimated that $250,000 would be incurred, and 12,500 direct labor hours would be worked. During March, 12,500 hours were actually worked. Use this information to determine the amount of overhead over or under applied. Enter overapplied overhead as a negative number. (round
Answer:
Underapplied overhead= $16,000
Explanation:
Because the estimated and real direct labor hours are the same, the estimated overhead equals the allocated overhead.
Allocated overhead= $250,000
Actual overhead costs= $266,000
To calculate the over/under allocation, we need to use the following formula:
Under/over applied overhead= real overhead - allocated overhead
Under/over applied overhead= 266,000 - 250,000
Underapplied overhead= $16,000
Recording Cash Discounts Schrand Corporation purchases materials from a supplier that offers credit terms of 2/15, n/60. It purchased $12,500 of merchandise inventory from that supplier on January 20, 2019. Required a. Assume that Schrand Corporation paid the invoice on February 15, 2019. Prepare journal entries to record the purchase of this inventory and the cash payment to the supplier using the net-of-discount method.
Answer:
Schrand Corporation
Journal Entries:
January 20, 2019:
Debit Inventory $12,500
Credit Accounts Payable $12,250
Credit Purchase Discounts $250
To record the purchase of inventory on credit terms, 2/15, n/60.
February 15,. 2019:
Debit Discount Lost Expense $250
Credit Accounts Payable $250
To record the loss of discount following late payment.
Debit Accounts Payable $12,500
Credit Cash Account $12,500
To record the payment for purchase.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Inventory purchase on January 20, 2019 = $12,500
Credit terms = 2/15, n/60
Net-of-discount purchase = $12,250 ($12,500 - 250)
Payment of invoice on February 15, 2019 = $12,500
b) The difference between the net and gross discount methods is that under the gross discount method, the purchases and Accounts Payable are initially recorded at full value. On the other hand, under the net discount method, the purchases and Accounts Payable are initially recorded at a reduced value.
Question 2. Suppose the mean age of video game players is 28, the standard deviation is 9 years, and the distribution is bell shaped. To assist a video game company’s marketing department in obtaining demographics to increase sales, determine the proportion of players who are
a. between 19 and 28
b. between 28 and 37
c. older than 37
Answer:
0.34134 ; 0.84134; 0.15866
Explanation:
Given that:
Mean (m) = 28
Standard deviation (s) = 9
Proportion of players;
a. between 19 and 28
P(x < 28) - P(x < 19)
Z = (x - mean) / standard deviation
[Z = (28 - 28) / 9] - [Z = (19 - 28) /9]
P(Z < 0) - P(Z < - 1)
0.5 - 0.15866 [Z probability calculator]
= 0.34134
b. between 28 and 37
P(x < 37) - P(x < 28)
Z = (x - mean) / standard deviation
[Z = (37 - 28) / 9] - [Z = (28 - 28) /9]
P(Z < 1) - P(Z < 0)
0.84134 - 0 [Z probability calculator]
= 0.84134
c. older than 37
P(x > 37)
Z = (x - m) / s
Z = (37 - 28) / 9
Z = 9/9 = 1
P(Z > 1) = 1 - P(Z < 1)
P(Z > 1) = 1 - 0.84134
P(Z > 1) = 1 - 0.84134
P(Z > 1) = 0.15866
Weather, Inc., a domestic corporation, operates in both Fredonia and the United States. This year, the business generated taxable income of $600,000 from foreign sources and $900,000 from U.S. sources. All of Weather’s foreign- source income is in the general limitation basket. Weather’s total taxable income is $1.5 million. Weather pays Fredonia taxes of $228,000. What is Weather’s FTC for the tax year? Assume a 34% U.S. income tax rate.
Answer:
$204,000
Explanation:
FTC for the tax year = US Tax liability*(Foreign taxable income/Worldwide taxable income)
FTC for the tax year = ($1,500,000*34%)*($600,000/$1,500,000)
FTC for the tax year = $510,000*0.4
FTC for the tax year = $204,000
So, Weather Inc's FTC for the tax year is $204,000
Why are visually interesting effects, such as WordArt, to be used sparingly? How does understanding your intended audience’s expectations inform how and when you use a visual effect, such as WordArt? Would you approach using WordArt in the same way in a presentation directed to young adults and a presentation directed to business professionals?
An investor implements a collar strategy by purchasing 100 shares of the Tesla stock at a price of $840 per share, selling 100 call options on the Tesla stock with a strike price $880 per share, and buying 100 put option on the Tesla with a strike price of $800. The premium of the call option is $35 per share and the premium of the put option is $32. At which stock price at the maturity of the option will the investor break even
Answer: $837
Explanation:
The following information can be gotten from the question:
Purchase price = $840 per share
Premium of call option = $35 per share
Premium of put option = $32 per share
From the above, the premium received will be:
= $35 - $32 = $3
Investors break even will then be:
= Purchase price - Premium received
= $840 - $3
= $837
The following note transactions occurred during the year for Towell Company: Nov. 25 Towell issued a 90-day, 10% note payable for $80,000 to Hyatt Company for merchandise. Dec. 7 Towell signed a 120-day, 9% note at the bank for $120,000. Dec. 22 Towell gave Barr, Inc., a 60-day, 9%, $120,000 note for payment of account. Prepare the general journal entries necessary to adjust the interest accounts at December 31. Use 360 days for calculations and round to the nearest dollar.
Answer:
Towell Company
Journal Entries:
Debit Interest Expense $1,790
Credit Interest Payable $1,790
To record the interest expense for the year.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
i) Nov. 25: Issue of 90-day, 10% Note Payable = $80,000
Interest on the note for the year = $80,000 * 10% * 36/360 = $800
ii) Dec. 7: Issue of 120-day, 9% Note Payable = $120,000
Interest on the note for the year = $120,000 * 9% * 24/360 = $720
iii) Dec. 22: Issue of 60-day, 9% Note Payable = $120,000
Interest on the note for the year = $120,000 * 9% * 9/360 = $270
Total interest payable for the year = $1,790
On July 1, 2021, Markwell Company acquired equipment. Markwell paid $175,000 in cash on July 1, 2021, and signed a $700,000 noninterest-bearing note for the remaining balance which is due on July 1, 2022. An interest rate of 5% reflects the time value of money for this type of loan agreement. (PV of $1, PVA of $1) (Use appropriate factor(s) from the tables provided.) For what amount will Markwell record the purchase of equipment? a) $834,048. b) $841,666. c) $741,666. d) $875,000.
Answer: b) $841,666.
Explanation:
Markwell will record the equipment at the present value of the amounts spent to purchase it.
Present value of the cash paid = $175,000
Present value of the noninterest-bearing note after a year = 700,000/(1 + 5%)
= $666,667
Total = 175,000 + 666,667
= $841,667
As per the options;
= $841,666
How can lessening utility bills reduce inflation?
Answer:
Inflation can occur when prices rise due to increases in production costs, such as raw materials and wages. Thus, lessening utility bills will reduce.
Explanation:
Germany is capital abundant country and Japan is labor abundant country. If computers are produced mostly by capital and beer is produced mostly by labor, the H-O model predicts that Question 22 options: Japan will export computers in exchange for beer. Germany will export computers in exchange for beer. Germany is too small to be of economic interest to Japan. Computers and beer don't mix, so trade cannot increase either country's well-being.
Answer:
If computers are produced mostly by capital and beer is produced mostly by labor, the H-O model predicts that
Germany will export computers in exchange for beer.
Explanation:
The H-O model or Heckscher-Ohlin theory is an economic model about the comparative advantages of nations in international trade. The model tries to explain the equilibrium of trade existing between two countries that have varying specialties and natural resources. According to the H-O model, countries export more goods and services for which they have plenty resources than they do for goods and services for which they have scarce resources. For example, if a country has capital in abundance, it will export more of capital-intensive products while it will import labor-intensive products, because it has scarce labor resources.
Rivera underpaid her income tax by $45,000. The IRS can prove that $40,000 of the underpayment was due to fraud. a. Determine Rivera's civil fraud penalty. $fill in the blank 1 b. Rivera pays the penalty five years after committing the fraudulent act. Compute the present value of Rivera's penalty. Assume her after-tax rate of return on available cash is 9%. The present value factor for 5 years and 9% is 0.6499. $fill in the blank 2
Answer:
Rivera
a. Rivera's civil fraud penalty is:
$5,000 ($45,000 - $40,000)
b. Present value of Rivera's penalty is:
$3,249.50 ($5,000 * 0.6499)
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Income tax underpayment = $45,000
Underpayment due to fraud = $40,000
Civil fraud penalty = $5,000 ($45,000 - 40,000)
Rate of return = 9%
Number of years = 5 years
Present value factor = 0.6499
b) The present value of the penalty represents the $5,000 discounted to its present value using the discount factor of 0.6499. This results into $3,249.50 after 5 years at an interest rate of 9% per annum.
In 2017, Kerry Corp's financial statement showed accrued losses on disposal of unused plant facilities of $3,600,000. The facilities were sold in December 2018 and a $3,600,000 loss was recognized for tax purposes then. Also in 2018, Kerry Corp's paid $150,000 for a two-year life insurance policy for their CEO Kerry, and the company was the beneficiary. Assuming that the enacted tax rate is 35% in both 2017 and 2018.
Question: the amount reported as net deferred income taxes on Kerry's balance sheet at December 31, 2017 should be an asset or liability?
Answer:
$1,260,000 Asset
Explanation:
The amount that Kerry Corp should report is as follows:
Amount to be reported = $3,600,000 * 35% = $1,260,000 asset.
Deferred tax arises because of temporary differences which results in future deductible amount. Future deductible amount leads to reduce taxable income and will provide future economic benefits of the company.
OKRs can be executed in stages. The first stage would be keyed to a deadline and then then once the project is completed and running objectives can be keyed to cash flow metrics.
a) true
b) false
Answer:
b) false
Explanation:
OKR is a goal-setting method used by companies. It is impleemented using following steps
Communicate the OKRChoose a tool used for OKROrganize the Company's OKRSet the company's OKRSet every single OKR for teams, departments and IndividualsMake the changes in OKR if requiredApprove the OKR Evaluate the OKR at each period end.So, the OKR cannot be implemented in a single step and it requires multiple steps.
Hence the given statement is false.
ABC Company issues $425,000 of bonds on January 1, 2021 that pay interest semiannually on June 30 and December 31. A portion of the bond amortization schedule appears below:
Cash Interest Change in Carrying
Date Paid Expense Carrying Value Value
01/01/2021 $599,391
06/30/2021 $14,875 $11,988 $-2,887 596,504
12/31/20211 4,875 11,930 -2,945 593,559
What is the original issue price of the bonds?
a. $592,557
b. $440,000
c. $590,534
d. $459,800
Answer:
$599,391
Explanation:
Based on the information given we were told that the bonds amount of $425,000 which is the Face Value of Bonds were issued by the company on January 1, 2021 which means that ORIGINAL ISSUE PRICE of the bonds will be the Carrying Value or the Issues Value of Bonds of the amount of $599,391 that was issued on the same date the Company issues the face value bonds of the amount of $425,000 which is January 1, 2021 ( 01/01/2021).
Therefore the original issue price of the bonds will be $599,391
Billie Bob purchased a used camera (five-year property) for use in his sole proprietorship in the prior year. The basis of the camera was $2,400. Billie Bob used the camera in his business 60 percent of the time during the first year. During the second year, Billie Bob used the camera 40 percent for business use. Calculate Billie Bob's depreciation deduction during the second year, assuming the sole proprietorship had a loss during the year.
Answer:
Billie Bob
Depreciation deduction during the second year is:
$192.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Property basis value = $2,400
Useful life = 5 years
Depreciable rate per year = $2,400/5 = $480
Depreciation deduction during the second year = $480 * 40% = $192
b) The depreciation deduction for year 2 is limited to the 40% business use. This implies that Billie Bob cannot claim the 100% depreciation of $480 for the property since he could only use it 40% for his business.
Blossom Inc. uses the conventional retail method to determine its ending inventory at cost. Assume the beginning inventory at cost (retail) were $403500 ($604000), purchases during the current year at cost (retail) were $3608000 ($5393600), freight-in on these purchases totaled $169500, sales during the current year totaled $4866000, and net markups were $424000. What is the ending inventory value at cost
Answer:
$1,012,696
Explanation:
The computation is shown below:
At Cost method:
Merchandise available for sale is :
= Beginning inventory + Purchases + Fright-in
= $403,500 + $3,608,000 + $169,500
= $4,181,000
At Retail method:
Merchandise available for sale:
= Beginning inventory + Purchases + Markups
= $604,000 + $5,393,600 + $424,000
= $6,421,600
Now
Ending inventory at retail is
= Retail - Markdowns - Net sales
= $6,421,600 - $0 - $4,866,000
= $1,555,600
Now
Cost to retail ratio is
= $4,181,000÷ ($4,866,000 + $1,555,600)
= 65.10%
And finally the ending inventory at cost is
= $1,555,600 × 65.10%
= $1,012,696
A payroll tax is collected by which of the following methods?
A.
It is automatically deducted as a percentage of the paycheck.
B.
The paycheck is brought to the bank for the tax to be deducted.
C.
The payroll tax is paid with the income tax on April 15 of each year.
D.
The government deducts a percentage of your paycheck directly from your personal bank account.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answer:
A.
It is automatically deducted as a percentage of the paycheck.
Explanation:
just did it on the exam
Doing the right task is known in management as what
Answer:
Doing the right task is known in management as performance.
Explanation:
Management ensures that the right tasks are performed by coordinating the various activities that help it to achieve goals. It also plans the right tasks to be carried out in order to achieve set goals and objectives. In doing all these, it also considers the cost and benefit to be incurred and derived respectively from executing its responsibilities. Management is always interested in minimizing costs while maximizing benefits. Management is also concerned with efficiency, by which it minimizes the wastage of resources (such as time, money, and efforts) and ensures optimum utilization of all its resources.