If matings are not random in a population and individuals mate with other individuals of similar genotype/phenotype, h0m0zyg0us frequencies increase. In this example, the genotype frequency for Mm is F(Mm) = 0.25.
---------------------------------
In the exposed example, one of the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not accomplished. There are non random matings.
Individuals mate with other snails of the same genotypes
MM x MM
Mm x Mm
mm x mm
We can assume this is an example of matings by similar phenotypes.
Eventually, this mating system leads to an increase in the h0m0zyg0us genotype frequency, at the expense of heter0zyg0us ones in loci that determine the trait.
Allelic frequencies do not change. Only genotypic frequencies do.
This mating system tends to separate the population into two subgroups, decreasing the amount of heter0zyg0us individuals.
Matings Progeny
MM x MM 4/4 MMMM x Mm 1/4 MM + 2/4 Mm + 1/4 mmmm x mm 4/4 mmZygotic population of the next generation
F(MM) = 4/4 MM + 1/4 MmF(Mm) = 1/2 MmF(mm) = 4/4 mm + 1/4 MmSo, in the exposed example we know that the frequency of the dominant allele M is 0.5
f(M) = p = 0.5
knowing that p + q = 1, we can clear the equation to get the frequency of the recessive allele.
p + q = 1
0.5 + q = 1
q = 1 - 0.5
q = 0.5
f(m) = q = 0.5
Zygotic population of the next generation
F(MM) = 4/4 MM + 1/4 MmF(MM) = p² + 1/4 (2pq)
F (MM) = 0.5² + 1/4 (2 x 0.5 x 0.5) = 0.25 + 0.125
F(MM) = 0.375
F(Mm) = 1/2 MmF(Mm) = 1/2 (2pq)
F(Mm) = 1/2 (0.5)
F (Mm) = 0.25
F(mm) = 4/4 mm + 1/4 MmF(mm) = q² + 1/4 (2pq)
F(mm) = 0.5² + 1/4 (2 x 0.5 x 0.5) = 0.25 + 0.125
F(mm) = 0.375
The expected genotype frequency for Mm individuals in this population is F(Mm) = 0.25.
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ASAP plz
How does the air pressure at sea level compare with air pressure at higher elevations such as
Mt. Everest. In your explanation include information about the number of air molecules in a
parcel of air at that altitude and the affect of gravity on pressure at both altitudes.
Answer:
Pressure with Height: pressure decreases with increasing altitude. The pressure at any level in the atmosphere may be interpreted as the total weight of the air above a unit area at any elevation. At higher elevations, there are fewer air molecules above a given surface than a similar surface at lower levels.In addition, gravity is weaker at the equator due to centrifugal forces produced by the planet's rotation. It's also weaker at higher altitudes, further from Earth's centre, such as at the summit of Mount Everest
Describe the steps of a muscle contraction.
(1) A message travels from the nervous system to the muscular system, triggering chemical reactions.
(2) The chemical reactions lead to the muscle fibers reorganizing themselves in a way that shortens the muscle--that’s the contraction.
(3) When the nervous system signal is no longer present, the chemical process reverses, and the muscle fibers rearrange again and the muscle relaxes.
Which type of effort to preserve species do you
think is most worthwhile?
One of the most effective and worthwhile methods of species preservation is the preservation and protection of wildlife habitats.
What is a habitat?In the most simple of terms, a habitat is a section of terrain in which certain organisms live. Habitats can range from deserts to rainforests and everything in between.How protecting them can be important.The protection of habitats is of utmost importance. The leading cause of species extinction is habitat loss due to human activities such as city expansions or the collection of raw materials for industrial use. Protecting species habitats will allow the species in question to not only survive but also thrive and reproduce, thus leading to a safe population number and avoiding extinction.Therefore, we can confirm that one of the most effective and worthwhile methods of species preservation is the preservation and protection of wildlife habitats to allow the species that live in them to thrive.
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[ANSWER INCLUDING]
The pedigree on the right shows the inheritance pattern for an X-linked recessive disorder.
The mother of the individuals circled in pink is not shown on the pedigree. Based on the phenotypes of these individuals and their father, what are the possible genotypes of their mother? Check all of the boxes that apply.
- XAXA
- XaXa
- XAXa
The mother's genotype can be either [tex]X^AX^A[/tex] or [tex]X^AX^a[/tex].
For X-linked recessive traits, males (XY) can either be affected or free from the disorder, they cannot be carriers. Females (XX), on the other hand, can be affected, unaffected, or be carriers.
The circled male child is free from the disorder ([tex]X^AY[/tex]) while the females are carriers ([tex]X^AX^a[/tex]).
The male inherited the healthy allele, [tex]X^A[/tex], from the mother.
The female children inherit the affected allele from their father (who is affected for the disorder) and the other healthy allele from their mother.
This means that the mother cannot be affected for the disease. As it is, the pedigree points that all the children got their healthy alleles from their mother. This does not mean the mother has two healthy alleles though.
Thus, the possible genotype of the mother are [tex]X^AX^A[/tex] and [tex]X^AX^a[/tex].
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Which of the following structures are found in both plant and animal cells?
O Mitochondria
O Chloroplast
O Cell Wall
The cellular structures found in both plant cells and animal cells are mitochondria.
Mitochondria are organelles and represent the energy factories of eukaryotic cells because they generate energy by the process of cellular respiration.Cellular respiration refers to the metabolic processes used by both plant and animal cells in order to generate ATP by using the energy stored in the chemical bonds of foods and oxygen.Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria, whereas glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.In conclusion, the cellular structures found in both plant cells and animal cells are mitochondria.
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Why does a plant cell have a fixed shape and an animal cell does not?
The cell membrane of a plant cell is surrounded by a cell wall.
O Plant cells have larger vacuoles than animal cells.
O The process of photosynthesis causes plant cells to have a rigid shape.
Answer:
it is because a plant cell is surrounded by a cell wall
Which components can be found in all living organisms?
A. guanine and chlorophyll
b. nitrogen and iodine
c. adenine and cytosine
d. estrogen and testosterone
i need help plsssss
Answer:
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus.
HELP PLEASE ITS AN EXAM!!
Which organisms are most closely related?
O species A and B
O species A and C
O species B and C
O species C and D
Answer:
B and c are most closely related
Explanation:
is there vaccine for cancer
Answer:
yes
there is vaccines for cancer
Explanation:
plz mark me as brilliant please please please
Labor unions arose in the nineteenth century as increasing numbers of Americans took jobs in factories, mines, and mills in the growing industrial economy.
The Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, was the first major labor organization in the United States. The Knights organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.
The Knights’ membership collapsed following the 1886 Haymarket Square riot in Chicago. By 1886 the American Federation of Labor (AFL), an alliance of skilled workers’ trade unions, was growing.
The proccess of photosynthesis can be represented by the chemical formula _________
Answer:
6H2O + 6CO2 ----- C6H1206 + 6O2
When plants undergo photosynthesis a reaction produces sugar oxygen and water during respiration stored energy from the products of photosynthesis is converted to usable energy and what form is the energy stored prior to use in respiration
scientific question about a monkey
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be
(select all
that apply)
A. breast feeding
B. regulating glucose levels in the blood C.enhancement of labor contractions during parturition
D. blood clot formation
E.body temperature regulation
F. blood calcium level regulation
Answer:
enhancement of labor contractions during parturition
Help help help help buissness
Explanation:
B . Pa brainlist hope it helps I'm new here
tissue respiration, location in the cell and sequence of reaction
Answer:
The Location of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration takes place in both the cytosol and mitochondria of cells. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol, whereas pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondrion.
Tissue respiration occurs internally where the oxygen carried by the blood and RBCs is exchanged with the carbon dioxide produced by the cells of various tissues. ( This answers the location of where tissue respiration occurs
Sequence of tissue respirationThe stages of tissue respiration include:glycolysis - pyruvate oxidation - citric acid or Krebs cycle - oxidative phosphorylation.
Cell tissue respiration
It is the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water
Cellular tissue respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then release waste products.
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What is carrying capacity? What factors could influence the carrying capacity of a population?
Answer:
Carrying capacity can be defined as a species' average population size in a particular habitat. The species population size is limited by environmental factors like adequate food, shelter, water, and mates. If these needs are not met, the population will decrease until the resource rebound
Humans have increased the world's carrying capacity through migra:tion, agriculture, medical advances, and communication. The age structure of a population allows us to predict population growth. Unchecked human population growth could have dire long-term effects on our environment.tion
Which of the following correctly lists functions of
proteins?
Explanation:
The correct answer is providing structure, regulating cell processes and creating movement
How do ionic compounds dissolve?
What does it mean for a bacteria or protist to be photosynthetic?
O They are responsible for disease growth.
o They are only responsible for the decomposition of compost.
They are a primary producer of biomass in the ocean.
They are multi-cellular organisms.
If a bacteria or protist is photosynthetic that means they are the primary producer of biomass in the ocean.
What are primary producers?Primary producers are organisms that produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. These organisms are the base of the food chain in most ecosystems, as they provide the energy that drives the ecosystem.
Photosynthetic primary producers, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria, use energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose, a type of sugar. They release oxygen as a byproduct of this process.
Chemosynthetic primary producers, such as some types of bacteria, use energy from chemical reactions to convert inorganic substances into organic matter. These reactions typically involve the oxidation of sulfur compounds or methane, and they occur in environments where sunlight is not available, such as deep ocean vents and underground coal mines.
Primary producers are important because they provide the energy that drives the food chain and support the rest of the ecosystem. Without primary producers, higher-level consumers, such as herbivores and carnivores, would not have a source of energy.
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What is something you can never seem to finish?
Answer:
This!! HAHAHA!
Explanation:
why are different leads are used to measure the ECG
Different leads are used to measure the ECG simply because each lead is recording the electrical activity of the heart from a different direction
Each individual lead's ECG recording is slightly different in shape. This is because when the electrical activity within the heart travels towards a lead you get a positive deflection.
ElectrocardiogramAn electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple test that can be used to check the heart's rhythm and electrical activity. Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signals produced by your heart each time it beats
ElectrocardiographyElectrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram, a recording of the heart's electrical activity.
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Which is an example of a statement about climate?
OPTIONS
It rained 3 inches last night.
Snow and very low temperatures are predicted for tomorrow.
Florida is known for its sunny skies and warm temperatures.
I plan to go swimming tomorrow.
Answer: Florida is known for its sunny skies and warm temperatures.
Explanation: Climate refers to long term weather. This statement indicates that Florida has a usual weather. Usual can be otherwise known as long-term.
what is do scientists look for when classifying organism
Answer:
they look at characteristics, such as their appearance, reproduction, and movement, to name a few.
Explanation:
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What properties do all liquids share
Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?
Answer:
Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none.
Explanation:
btw, where are the options?
The statement which correctly describes a graded potential is: amplitude of various sizes.
Graded potential refers to a temporary change in electric or membrane potential of a stimulus with respect to both its size and distance.
Amplitude can be defined as the maximum displacement of a wave when measured from its equilibrium position.
Thus, amplitude is measured vertically from an equilibrium position.Generally, a graded potential is directly proportional in amplitude to the size of the stimulus that is send as an input due to the following:
DepolarizationHyperpolarizationIn conclusion, the statement which correctly describes a graded potential is amplitude of various sizes.
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Which process in the cell cycle could lead to a cancerous cell?
Answer:
Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumor
Explanation:
Which adaptation is common to animals that live in temperate grasslands?
structures to dig burrows
keen eyesight to help them see in the evening
a thick insulating layer of fat
large ears to regulate body temperature
Answer:
This is 100% right.
Explanation:
Temperate grasslands are characterized by vast expanses of open grasslands with few trees and shrubs, so structures to dig burrows are a common adaptation for animals that live in temperate grasslands, as is preset in the first option.
What are temperate grasslands?Temperate grasslands are biomes characterized by vast expanses of open grasslands with few trees or shrubs. These ecosystems experience a wide range of temperature fluctuations between seasons, with hot summers and cold winters. As a result, animals that live in temperate grasslands have evolved adaptations that enable them to survive in this challenging environment. One of the most common adaptations of grassland animals is the ability to dig burrows. Burrows provide shelter and protection from predators, as well as a stable microclimate for animals to live in.
Hence, structures to dig burrows are a common adaptation for animals that live in temperate grasslands, as is present in the first option.
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6. Why do you think satellites are placed in the thermosphere?
Answer:
It is called the thermosphere because temperatures can reach up to 1,500 degrees Celsius (2,732 degrees Fahrenheit). However, despite the high temperatures, the pressure is very low, so satellites don't suffer heat damage.
Explanation:
I hope it's help :)
What is an example of a solute found in plasma?
water
globulins
platelets
uvulas
Example of solute found in the plasma is globulins.
Plasma is the largest part of the blood that is usually amber in colour.
Plasma is made up of solutes that are soluble in it. These include:
sodium,chloride, bicarbonate, and protein.
Plasma proteins are proteins found in blood plasma which helps to create osmotic pressure and transport of hormones and lipids.
Example of plasma proteins are:
albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.Globulins are high molecular weight proteins of blood plasma.
Therefore, an example of solute found in the plasma is globulins.
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Mrs. Jones who has dementia. She continues to ask for her husband, whom you know passed away several years ago. How would you assist Mrs. Jones?"
Answer:
You tell her that her husband is away and will be coming back later
Explanation:
If you tell her he's dead, she won't believe you so just go along with it.