Yes, a supersaturated solution will return back to being a saturated solution once a solute crystal has been added.
Supersaturated solution explained.A supersaturated solution is a solution that contains more dissolved solute than would be possible under normal circumstances at a given temperature and pressure. In a supersaturated solution, the solute molecules are able to remain dissolved in the solvent even though they would normally begin to precipitate out of the solution. This can happen when a solution is prepared by dissolving a solute in a solvent at an elevated temperature and then cooling the solution rapidly, preventing the solute from crystallizing out of the solution. Supersaturated solutions are often unstable and will eventually return to a saturated state if given the opportunity to do so, such as by the addition of a seed crystal or agitation of the solution.
When a solute crystal is added to a supersaturated solution, it provides a nucleation site for the solute to crystallize. As the solute molecules attach to the crystal, they are removed from the solution, causing the concentration to decrease. Eventually, the concentration will decrease to the point where it becomes saturated, and no more solute will dissolve.
Thus, adding a solute crystal to a supersaturated solution causes the excess solute to come out of the solution and return it to a saturated state.
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How many g of water are needed to create a 4 molal solution with 9 moles of naOH
To make a 4 molal solution using 9 mol of NaOH, we need 2250 g of water.
How can the mass of water needed to make a 4 molal solution with 9 mol of NaOH be calculated?NaOH mass equals moles of NaOH times its molar mass, or 360.00 g.
Molality is defined as moles of solute divided by kilograms of solvent.
When we rewrite the equation, we obtain:
mass of the solvent is equal to the product of the solute's moles and its molality.
Inputting the values provided yields:
mass of the solvent equals 9 mol/4 mol/kg
2.25 kg is the solvent's mass.
The mass of water is then converted from kilogrammes to grammes:
2.25 kg times 1,000 g/kg is the mass of water.
water weighs 2250 g.
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A 23.5 g sample of nacl was placed in a 500.0 ml erlenmeyer flask, which was filled to the mark with water. what is the molar concentration of the resulting nacl solution?
the molar concentration of the resulting NaCl solution is 0.804 mol/L.
The molar concentration of the NaCl solution can be calculated using the equation:
C = n/V,
where C is the molar concentration, n is the amount of substance (in moles), and V is the volume of the solution (in liters).
Given that the sample has a mass of 23.5 g and the molar mass of NaCl is 58.44 g/mol, we can calculate the amount of substance (n) in the sample:
n = 23.5 g / 58.44 g/mol = 0.402 mol
The volume of the solution (V) is equal to the volume of the Erlenmeyer flask, which is 0.500 L:
V = 0.500 L
Therefore, the molar concentration of the NaCl solution can be calculated as follows:
C = 0.402 mol / 0.500 L = 0.804 mol/L
Therefore, the molar concentration of the resulting NaCl solution is 0.804 mol/L.
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State two advantages of buying concentrated products rather than dilute products
Two advantages of buying concentrated products rather than dilute products are that they are generally more cost-effective than dilute products because they require less packaging, transportation, and storage space. And the second advantage is that concentrated products offer greater flexibility and customizability compared to dilute products.
What is more harmful - concentrated or dilute chemicals?The level of harm a chemical poses depends on various factors, including the specific chemical involved, its concentration, and the mode of exposure. In general, concentrated and dilute chemicals can be harmful if used or mishandled.
Why are concentrated chemicals considered hazardous?Concentrated chemicals can be particularly hazardous because they contain a higher concentration of the active ingredient, which means that a smaller amount of the chemical can have a more potent effect. This can increase the risk of accidental exposure, which can be dangerous or even fatal.
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Both Groups IA and IIA have high_____ ionization energies and ____ electronegativity, which is why these substances are very reactive.
Both Groups IA and IIA have high ionization energies and high electronegativity, which is why these substances are very reactive.
What is ionization?Ionization is the process by which atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons, resulting in the formation of ions. It is a fundamental process in physics and chemistry, and is the basis of many physical and chemical phenomena. Ionization is essential to the formation of many kinds of molecules, and it occurs when electrons are either added to or removed from neutral atoms or molecules. This process can be done through a variety of methods, including electrical or thermal energy, or radiation. Ionization can also occur through chemical reactions, such as the reaction of a metal with an acid, or the reaction of a gas with a liquid. In each of these cases, the resulting ions may take part in subsequent chemical reactions. Ionization is also responsible for the formation of ions in the atmosphere, and is responsible for many of the properties of matter.
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How oxides of nitrogen cause acid rain
Acid deposition is caused when sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are emitted into our atmosphere. These chemicals SO2 and NOx, react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form both sulphuric and nitric acids.
Anyone who falls into a lake fully clothed could develop hypothermia (very low body
temperature). First aid treatment by paramedics is always to remove wet items of clothing. Use
your knowledge of thermal energy, evaporative cooling, and changes of state to explain
why.
Depending on the severity of the hypothermia, emergency medical care may include one or more of the following measures to increase the body temperature: Rewarming that is done passively. It is sufficient to cover someone suffering from moderate hypothermia with heated blankets .
What is the hypothermia first-aid treatment?Remove damp garments with care. Warm, dry jackets or blankets should be used in lieu of damp items. If more warming is required, it should be done gradually. Apply warm, dry compresses to the center of the body, such as the neck, chest, and groin.
Frostbite, or tissue loss induced by tissue freezing, is one of the most prevalent problems linked with hypothermia. Chilblains are caused by nerve and blood vessel injury. Gangrene is also known as tissue death.
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when a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes group of answer choices hydrogenated. reduced. hydrolyzed. oxidized.
The molecule becomes oxidized when a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom due to an oxidation-reduction reaction.
Let's understand this in detail:
1. Oxidation is when the loss of electrons or gain of oxygen atoms takes place from an atom or molecule. In a chemical reaction, if a molecule is oxidized, it will lose electrons or hydrogen or gain oxygen atoms. Oxidation leads to the loss of electrons, resulting in the molecule becoming more positively charged.
2. Reduction is a process in which there is the gain of electrons or loss of oxygen atoms from an atom or molecule. In a chemical reaction, if a molecule is reduced, it will gain electrons or hydrogen or lose oxygen atoms. Reduction leads to the gain of electrons, making the molecule more negatively charged.
3. Glucose is a simple sugar that is the primary energy source for the body's cells. Glucose is a carbohydrate broken down during cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP molecules.
4. The molecule becomes oxidized when a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom due to an oxidation-reduction reaction. Oxidation leads to the loss of electrons, resulting in the molecule becoming more positively charged.
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When 1 mole of methane (CH4) is burned it releaes 326.3 KJ of heat.
Calculate ΔH for a process in which 8.7 g of methane is burned.
Answer Question 17 kJ
1 mole of methane (CH4) is burned it releaes 326.3 KJ of heat then the ΔH for the process in which 8.7 g of methane is burned is 176.8 kJ.
the number of moles of methane in 8.7 g:
molar mass of CH4 = 12.01 + 4(1.01) = 16.05 g/mol
moles of CH4 = 8.7 g / 16.05 g/mol = 0.542 moles
Now, we can use the given information to calculate the heat released:
ΔH = q/n
where q is the heat released and n is the number of moles of methane.
ΔH = (326.3 kJ/1 mol) x (0.542 mol) = 176.8 kJ.
Methane is a chemical compound that consists of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, with the chemical formula CH4. It is a colorless, odorless, and flammable gas that is the main component of natural gas. Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon molecule and is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. It is produced naturally by the breakdown of organic matter in wetlands, rice paddies, and the digestive systems of some animals.
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draw the diagrammatical representation of Boyle's law
Explanation:
As per figure...You can have a look on it..
Boyes's law states that at constant temperature(T) for a given mass of ideal gas, the volume(V) of the gas is inversely proportional to its pressure(P).
That is PV=K where K is a constant
Graphs of Boyle’s law can be plotted at different temperatures.
The graph of Boyle’s law is known as a pressure-volume graph or PV curve.
The pressure and volume graph at constant temperature is known as an isotherm
As the Pressure increases with decreasing in volume, and vice versa.
Other parameters such as temperature and amount of gas are constant in the graph.
The equation of the curve is PV=K, which is the equation of Boyle’s law
steve jobs was said to be one of the most charismatic leaders in history. those who worked with him were inspired by his enthusiasm and optimism. when speaking to his company, he loved to use words like "extraordinary," "amazing," and "incredible." people couldnt help but mirror his excitement. the leadership of steve jobs could best be described as what kind of leadership theory?
a. situational theory
b. contingency theory
c. transactional theory
d. relationship theory
Answer:
The leadership of Steve Jobs could best be described as a transformational leadership theory. Transformational leaders inspire and motivate their followers by creating an inspiring vision and encouraging creativity, innovation, and change. They also use emotional appeals to get followers to invest in the vision and create a sense of unity and common purpose among the team. Steve Jobs' use of enthusiastic language and charisma to inspire his team reflects the qualities of a transformational leader.
The atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, small amounts of carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of hydrogen. Does the atmosphere consist of polar or nonpolar compounds?
A 2. 0-L balloon at room temperature (20. 0°C) is placed in a refrigerator at 3. 0°C. What is the volume of the balloon after it cools in the refrigerator?
The balloon has a 1.88 L volume after cooling in the fridge.
To solve this problem, we can use the combined gas law, which relates the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas:
(P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂
Where P is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature. We can assume that the pressure remains constant since the balloon is open to the atmosphere. Thus, we can simplify the equation to:
(V₁)/T₁ = (V₂)/T₂
Substituting the given values, we have:
V₂ = (V₁ x T₂) / T₁
V₂ = (2.0 L x 276.15 K) / 293.15 K
V₂ = 1.88 L
Therefore, the volume of the balloon after cooling in the refrigerator is 1.88 L.
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The balanced chemical equation showing between quicklime and water is
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) and water (H2O) is as follows:
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
This equation represents a classic example of an acid-base reaction, in which the calcium oxide, which is a basic oxide, reacts with water, a proton donor, to form calcium hydroxide, a strong base. The reaction is exothermic and releases a significant amount of heat, making it useful for various industrial applications, such as in cement production and as a desiccant.
Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime, is a white crystalline solid that is sparingly soluble in water and has many applications in agriculture, construction, and environmental remediation.
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sdfghtyfd bgdbj. brtkj rdtiurtb biurb dtbrbtvhj rtburtjb vritb tkrj
Answer:
Explanation:
A?
To earn full credit for your answers, you must show the appropriate formula, the correct substitutions , and your answer including the correct units.
In 2013, there were 2.6 x 106people living in Rome. In 2013, 2.41 x 104 people died in Rome. What was the Crude death rate?
The crude death rate in Rome in 2013 was 0.9269, or 0.9269 deaths per 1,000 people.
What is the crude death rate?The crude death rate (CDR) is the number of deaths in a population divided by the total population, multiplied by a constant factor (usually 1,000 or 100,000) to express the rate per unit of population.
The formula for CDR is:
CDR = (Number of deaths / Total population) x Constant factor
We are given the following values:
Number of deaths (D) = 2.41 x 10^4
Total population (P) = 2.6 x 10^6
Constant factor = 1,000
Substituting these values into the formula for CDR, we get:
CDR = (D / P) x Constant factor
CDR = (2.41 x 10^4 / 2.6 x 10^6) x 1000
CDR = 9.269 x 10^-1
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Which statement is correct for
this reaction?
2NaBr + Ca(OH)2 → CaBr2 + 2NaOH
A. The reaction is not a redox reaction because it does include
oxidation number changes.
B. The reaction is a redox reaction because it does not include any
oxidation number changes.
C. The reaction is a redox reaction because it does include oxidation
number changes.
D. The reaction is not a redox reaction because it does not include
any oxidation number changes.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
Answer:
its actually d
Explanation:
I dont know why all I know is c was wrong and d was correct
Polyurea is a synthetic material that is often used as a waterproof coating. Polyurea is useful because it is not reactive chemically. This means it does not break down easily.
Considering this information, what is likely a negative impact of polyurea?
A.
It has toxic effects on nearby wildlife.
B.
It does not break down after it is disposed of.
C.
It damages materials that it comes in contact with.
D.
It needs to be reapplied to surfaces frequently.
It dοes nοt break dοwn after it is dispοsed οf is likely a negative impact οf pοlyurea. sο, οptiοn (b) is cοrrect.
What is reactiοn?A chemical reactiοn is the transfοrmatiοn οf οne οr mοre chemicals, knοwn as reactants, intο οne οr mοre new cοmpοunds, knοwn as prοducts. The change in cοncentratiοn οf any οf the reactants οr prοducts per unit οf time can be used tο determine the rate οr speed οf a reactiοn. It is determined by the equatiοn rate = time + cοncentratiοn.
What is pοlyurea?A carbοnyl functiοnal grοup (C=O) cοnnects the twο amine grοups (-NH 2) in the mοlecule. Isοcyanates and amines' alternating mοnοmer units interact with οne anοther tο prοduce urea bοnds in a pοlyurea. A carbamic acid intermediate is prοduced when isοcyanates react with water tο prοduce ureas.
Therefοre, it dοes nοt break dοwn after it is dispοsed οf is likely a negative impact οf pοlyurea. sο, οptiοn (b) is cοrrect.
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Many common things you use regularly are colloids except .......
-milk
-hair
-spray
-paint
-alloy
Answer:
Hair
Explanation:
Colloid is used as thickening agents in industrial products, such as toothpaste, paints, inks, etc. Milk is one of the most common colloids, because of the thickening agents. spray, clouds, fog, etc., are a type of colloid. Paint is a type of colloid because it disperses particles through the paint. Alloy is an example of a colloidal solution. Hair does not have anything to do with colloid.
Honey aroma is a compound isolated from bee honey that can be used to sweeten food for people that have a problem with diabetes. A small 4.10-gram sample was taken from a beehive for analysis. It was found to contain 3.0 grams of carbon, and .30 grams of hydrogen and the rest was oxygen. What is the empirical formula for this sweetener? If it has an actual molar mass of 164 g/mole, then what is its molecular formula?
1. The empirical formula for the sweetener is C₅H₆O
2. The molecular formula for the sweetener is C₁₀H₁₂O₂
1. How do i determine the empirical formulaThe empirical formula for the sweetener can be obtained as follow:
Mass of compound = 4.1 gCarbon (C) = 3 gHydrogen (H) = 0.3Oxygen (O) = 4.1 - (3 + 0.3) = 0.8 gEmpirical formula =?Divide by their molar mass
C = 3 / 12 = 0.25
H = 0.3 / 1 = 0.3
O = 0.8 / 16 = 0.05
Divide by the smallest
C = 0.25 / 0.05 = 5
H = 0.3 / 0.05 = 6
O = 0.05 / 0.05 = 1
Thus, the empirical formula is C₅H₆O
2. How do i determine the molecular formula?The molecular formula for the sweetener can be obtained as follow:
Molar mass of sweetener = 164 g/molEmpirical formula = C₅H₆OMolecular formula =?Molecular formula = empirical × n
Molecular formula = mass number
Thus,
Empirical × n = mass number
[C₅H₆O]n = 164
[(12 × 5) + (1 × 6) + 16]n = 164
[60 + 6 + 16]n = 164
82n = 164
Divide both sides by 82
n = 164 / 82
n = 2
Molecular formula = [C₅H₆O]n
Molecular formula = [C₅H₆O]₂
Molecular formula = C₁₀H₁₂O₂
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Which set of products is correct for
this double replacement reaction?
AgNO3(aq) + Na₂CO3(aq) →
Remember that each formula must
have a balanced charge.
The double replacement reaction's chemical equation for balancing between AgNO3(aq) and Na2CO3(aq) is: 2AgNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → Ag2CO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
What effects do you anticipate when NaCl and AgNO3 solutions are combined?When sodium chloride (NaCl) solution and silver nitrate (AgNO3) are mixed, the ions of both compounds exchange. The consequence is the formation of white precipitates of sodium nitrate solution (NaNO3) and silver chloride (AgCl).
How can NaCl be used to standardise AgNO3?Take a known quantity of standard sodium chloride (e.g., 10 mL diluted to 100 mL for standardised 0.0141 N agNO3 or 50 mL diluted to 100 mL for standardised 0.141 N agNO3). Add 1.0 mL of K2CrO4 indicator solution, 1 spatula of calcium carbonate, and titrate the mixture with AgNO3 to a pinkish-yellow endpoint.
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What is the molarity of 2. 0 liters of an aqueous solution that contains 0. 50 mole of potassium iodine, KI?
The molarity of 2. 0 liters of an aqueous solution that contains 0. 50 mole of potassium iodine, KI is 0.25 M.
The molarity of an aqueous solution can be calculated using the following formula:
Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution.
In this case, we have 0.50 mole of potassium iodine (KI) and 2.0 liters of solution.
Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
Molarity = 0.50 mole / 2.0 liters = 0.25 M
The molarity of the aqueous solution is 0.25 M.
Molarity is a unit of concentration that is commonly used in chemistry. It is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The symbol for molarity is M, and it is expressed in units of moles per liter (mol/L).
Molarity is an important concept in chemistry because it allows scientists to describe the concentration of a solution in a quantitative way. It is often used in laboratory experiments to determine the amount of reactant needed or the amount of product produced in a chemical reaction.
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An experiment was carried out to make lead chloride from lead nitrate. 14. 0 g of lead chloride were obtained from 16. 9 g of lead nitrate. Determine the percentage yield of lead chloride
Moles of lead nitrate used mol Product mass Molar mass Pb 207 g/mol Molar mass N 14 g/mol Molar mass o 16 g/mol = 56 .65 %
moles of Pb([tex]NO_{3}[/tex]) = 14.8 / 331 = 0.0447
∵ moles = mass / molar mass
[tex]Pb(NO_{3}) + 2Cl = pbcl_{2} + 2NO_{3}[/tex]
[tex]\frac{moles of Pb (NO_{3}) }{1} = \frac{moles of Pbcl_{2} }{1}[/tex]
moles of [tex]Pbcl_{2}[/tex] = 0.0447
Theoretical mass of [tex]Pbcl_{2}[/tex] = moles * molar mass
= 0.0447 * 278
= 12.4266
% yield = Actual mass of [tex]Pbcl_{2}[/tex] / Theoretical mass of [tex]Pbcl_{2}[/tex] * 100
= [tex]\frac{7.04}{12.4266} * 100[/tex]
= 56 .65 %
Lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) is an inorganic compound that is white strong under surrounding conditions. It is ineffectively solvent in water. Lead(II) chloride is one of the main lead-based reagents. It likewise happens normally as the mineral cotunnite.
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the complete question is:
Begin Scenario An experiment was carried out to make lead chloride from lead nitrate. 7.04 g of lead chloride was obtained from 14.8 g of lead nitrate. Determine the percentage yield of lead chloride. Reactant mass 14.8 g 7.04 g a Determine the moles of lead nitrate, PbNO3, used in the experiment (To avoid introducing rounding errors on intermediate calculations, enter your answer to four significant figures.) Moles of lead nitrate used mol Product mass Molar mass Pb 207 g/mol Molar mass N 14 g/mol Molar mass o 16 g/mol
Note on matter
What is matter
Define 3 states of matter
What is valency
calculate the ph of the final solution when 52.3 ml of hcl is mixed with 15.8 ml of hno3. the ph values of hcl and hno3 solutions are 4.34 and 3.89, respectively.
The final solution has a pH of 1.17.
The pH of the final solution can be calculated by using the equation:
pH = -log[H+]
Where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.Hydrogen ions, also known as protons, are positively charged particles that are found in solutions.
To calculate the concentration of hydrogen ions, we need to calculate the molarity of the solution.
Molarity of HCl =[tex]\frac{ (52.3 mL * 0.1000 mol/L) }{ (1000 mL/L) }[/tex]
[tex]= 0.0523 mol/L[/tex]
Molarity of HNO3 = [tex]\frac{(15.8 mL * 0.1000 mol/L) }{(1000 mL/L) }[/tex]
[tex]= 0.0158 mol/L[/tex]
Total molarity of the solution = 0.0523 + 0.0158 = 0.0681 mol/L
[H+] = 0.0681 mol/L
pH = -log[H+]
= -log(0.0681)
pH = 1.17
Therefore,The pH of final solution is 1.17.
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Would the reaction A + 2B + energy --> AB₂ be an endothermic or exothermic reaction?
endothermic
exothermic
The value of the energy is needed to determine if energy is released or absorbed in this reaction.
Unable to tell if this process is endothermic or exothermic because it is not stated whether energy is released or absorbed.
What is energy?Energy has the ability to perform work. It is a quantifiable quality that may be transferred to a physical system or body, and it can be seen when work is being done. Potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, and radioactive forms of energy can all exist.
The energy shift that takes place during the reaction determines the type of reaction, whether it is exothermic or endothermic. It is an exothermic reaction if energy is released during the reaction. On the other side, a reaction is said to be endothermic if energy is absorbed during it[2]. According to the chemical equation, a + 2b + energy ab2.
You can tell whether a chemical process releases or absorbs energy overall by measuring the enthalpy of the reaction. The heat energy change that occurs as reactants turn into products is known as a reaction's enthalpy(H). H is positive if heat is absorbed throughout the process; if heat is emitted, H is negative. Exothermic processes have enthalpies that are less than zero and, as a result, are negative, while endothermic reactions have enthalpies that are more than zero and, as a result, are positive.
We cannot tell if this chemical reaction is endothermic or exothermic because the chemical equation contains no information about the value of energy.
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a solution made by adding solid sodium hypochlorite (naclo) to enough water to make 2.00 l of solution has a ph of 10.50. calculate the number of moles of naclo that were added to the water.
The number of moles of NaClO that were added to the water are calculated to be 6.23 × [tex]10^{-11}[/tex] mol.
In this case, we know that the pH of the solution is 10.50. Using the formula of pH, we can find the concentration of hydrogen ions.
The pH of a solution can be calculated using the following formula:
pH = -log[[tex]H^+[/tex]]
where [[tex]H^+[/tex]] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.
Plugging in the values.
10.50 = -log[[tex]H^+[/tex]]
[tex][H^+]=10^{10.50}[/tex]
[tex][H^+] =3.162 \times 10^{-11} mol/L[/tex]
Now, let us find concentration of NaClO.
Since sodium hypochlorite is a salt, it dissociates in water to form ions.
The balanced equation for the dissociation of sodium hypochlorite is:
NaClO(s) → [tex]Na^+(aq) + ClO^-(aq)[/tex]
The concentration of sodium hypochlorite can be calculated from the concentration of hypochlorite ions using the stoichiometry of the reaction.
Since there is a 1:1 ratio between NaClO and , the concentration of NaClO is also [tex]3.162 \times 10^{-11} mol/L[/tex].
To find the number of moles of NaClO added to the solution, we need to multiply the concentration by the volume:
moles NaClO = concentration x volume
moles NaClO = [tex]3.162 \times 10^{-11} mol/L \times 2L[/tex]
moles NaClO = 6.23 × [tex]10^{-11}[/tex] mol.
Therefore, the number of moles of NaClO that were added to the water is 6.23 × [tex]10^{-11}[/tex] mol..
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Balance the chemical reaction by using an atom inventory.
What is the correct whole number coefficient for N2?
[ ? ]N2 + [ ] H2 -> [ ] NH3
For N2, 1 is the right whole number coefficient. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 is the balanced chemical reaction.
Balanced chemical equations: what are they?Equal numbers and types of each atom appear on both sides in case of balanced chemical equations, which is why they are called so. A balanced equation must have coefficients that are the simplest whole number ratio. For the chemical equation to adhere to the rule of conservation of mass, it must be balanced.
What are chemical equations that are balanced and unbalanced?Equal numbers of atoms from various elements are present in both the reactants and the products in balanced chemical equations. Different elements' atom counts in the reactants and products of unbalanced chemical equations are varied.
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Question 4 of 10
The ACT science test takes______ minutes.
O A. 60
B. 30
O C. 35
OD. 45
the rate of a standard reaction is 0.01840 m/s at 25 oc. it is determined that this is too fast, and that the rate should be reduced to 0.0046 m/s. what temperature should the reaction be run at to achieve this?
Thus, the required temperature for the reaction to run at a rate of 0.0046 m/s is 30.7°C approximately.
The Arrhenius equation gives the relation between rate constants and activation energy, which shows how the reaction rate is affected by temperature.
It is written as: k = Ae-Ea/RT Where,
k is the rate constant
A is the pre-exponential factor (frequency factor)
Ea is the activation energy
T is the temperature in Kelvins
R is the universal gas constant
Taking natural logs of both sides of the Arrhenius equation we have: ln(k) = ln(A) - Ea/RTln(k) = -Ea/RT + ln(A)
Now we will use the following rearranged form: ln(k2/k1) = -Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/T1)
We can substitute our given values of k2 = 0.0046, k1 = 0.0184, and T1 = 25oC + 273.15K = 298.15K into the above equation to solve for T2, which is the required temperature, as follows:
ln(0.0046/0.0184) = -Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/298.15K)ln(0.25)
= -Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/298.15K)ln(4)
= Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/298.15K)0.013862
= Ea/R (1/T2 - 1/298.15K)(1/T2 - 1/298.15K)
= 0.013862 x (R/Ea)
T2 can be found by rearranging the above equation as follows:
1/T2 = 1/298.15K + 0.013862 x (R/Ea)1/T2
= 1/298.15K + 0.013862 x (8.314 J/K/mol / Ea)T2
= 1 / (1/298.15K + 0.013862 x (8.314 J/K/mol / Ea))T2
= 1 / (0.0033522 + 0.013862 / Ea)T2
= 298.15 / (0.0033522 + 0.013862 / Ea)
Substituting Ea = 50000 J/mol, we have: T2 = 298.15 / (0.0033522 + 0.013862 / 50000)T2 = 303.9 K = 30.7°C (approx)
Thus, the required temperature for the reaction to run at a rate of 0.0046 m/s is 30.7⁰C approximately.
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0.4 L of a citric acid solution was used to neutralize 0.2 L of a 0.7M NaOH solution. How
many moles of citric acid will neutralize it? Find the molarity of the citric acid?
Number of moles of citric acid used to neutralize the NaOH solution is 0.0467 mol, and the molarity of the citric acid solution is 0.1168 M.
What is molarity?Ratio of a solvent's moles to a solution's total liters is defines as molarity.
As moles of NaOH = moles of citric acid
and moles of NaOH = volume of NaOH solution x concentration of NaOH
moles of NaOH = 0.2 L x 0.7 M
moles of NaOH = 0.14 mol
Since citric acid and NaOH react in a 1:3 molar ratio (i.e., one mole of citric acid reacts with three moles of NaOH), the number of moles of citric acid used to neutralize the NaOH solution is:
here, moles of citric acid = (moles of NaOH)/3
moles of citric acid = 0.14 mol / 3
So, moles of citric acid = 0.0467 mol
molarity of citric acid = moles of citric acid / volume of citric acid solution (in L)
molarity of citric acid = 0.0467 mol / 0.4 L
So, molarity of citric acid = 0.1168 M
Therefore, number of moles of citric acid used to neutralize the NaOH solution is 0.0467 mol, and the molarity of the citric acid solution is 0.1168 M.
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