Answer:
The responsibility for the genocide in Rwanda cannot be solely attributed to one country or group. It was a complex situation that involved internal politics, ethnic tensions, and international power dynamics. However, it is true that France had a particularly close relationship with the Hutu government and supplied them with weapons, which were used to carry out the genocide. This fact alone makes France partially responsible for what happened in Rwanda.
Responsibility should be allocated based on the actions of each country and group involved in the genocide. The Hutu government, militias, and other groups that actively participated in the killings should bear the majority of the responsibility. However, the international community also bears some responsibility for their failure to intervene and prevent the genocide.
Belgium, which had previously colonized Rwanda, has acknowledged its role in creating the ethnic divisions that led to the genocide. They have also apologized for their failure to intervene and stop the killing. The United States and the UN have also acknowledged their failure to act and have taken steps to improve their response to future humanitarian crises.
France, on the other hand, has been more resistant to accepting responsibility for its role in the genocide. They have denied allegations that they trained and armed the Hutus, and have been slow to acknowledge their role in the conflict. However, in recent years, there have been efforts to address this issue. In 2019, French President Emmanuel Macron established a commission to investigate France's role in the genocide and improve relations with Rwanda.
In conclusion, responsibility for the genocide in Rwanda should be allocated based on the actions of each country and group involved. While France's role in supplying weapons to the Hutu government does make them partially responsible, the Hutu government and militias bear the majority of the responsibility. The international community also shares some responsibility for their failure to intervene and prevent the genocide. It is important for all countries involved to acknowledge their role in the conflict and work towards reconciliation and prevention of future atrocities.
Explanation:
Answer:
its C
Explanation:
Person who keeps moving instead of settling in one place is called a what?
nomad hope this helps:
(PLSSSSS HELPPP05.05 LC)
What effect have cyberterrorist attacks had on U.S. policy? (3 points)
O The legislature set aside funding to monitor religious groups.
The legislature passed the PATRIOT Act.
O The government created the National Cyber Strategy.
O The government increased security at federal buildings.
Option c is entirely accurate. which is What is the National Cyber.
Strategy, which the government has created?The U.S. should follow these criteria when responding to cyberattacks, including cyberterrorism, according to the White House's first National Cyber Strategy in 15 years. The proposal suggested a change to a more aggressive approach.
The U.S. Department of Defense responded to the National Cyber Strategy by releasing a 5-point plan on how it should be carried out. The strategy calls for creating a more lethal force, engaging in cyberspace competition and deterrence, fortifying existing partnerships and generating new ones, reorganising the DOD to make it more "cyber fluent" and accountable, and developing cyber talent.
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The film shows that there was a close relationship between the French and Hutu governments, even while the killings were going on. On the tenth anniversary of the genocide, Rwanda's president accused the French of consciously training and arming the Hutus, knowing that they would massacre Tutsis. The French deny this, yet it is indisputable that France was the Rwandan government's number-one supplier of weapons. Does this fact alone make France more culpable for the genocide than the rest of the international community? How should responsibility be allocated for what happened, both inside and outside Rwanda?
How has the international community, in particular Belgium, France, the United States, and the UN, faced up to the question of responsibility and blame in the years since the genocide?
Answer:
The responsibility for the genocide in Rwanda cannot be solely attributed to one country or group. It was a complex situation that involved internal politics, ethnic tensions, and international power dynamics. However, it is true that France had a particularly close relationship with the Hutu government and supplied them with weapons, which were used to carry out the genocide. This fact alone makes France partially responsible for what happened in Rwanda.
Responsibility should be allocated based on the actions of each country and group involved in the genocide. The Hutu government, militias, and other groups that actively participated in the killings should bear the majority of the responsibility. However, the international community also bears some responsibility for their failure to intervene and prevent the genocide.
Belgium, which had previously colonized Rwanda, has acknowledged its role in creating the ethnic divisions that led to the genocide. They have also apologized for their failure to intervene and stop the killing. The United States and the UN have also acknowledged their failure to act and have taken steps to improve their response to future humanitarian crises.
France, on the other hand, has been more resistant to accepting responsibility for its role in the genocide. They have denied allegations that they trained and armed the Hutus, and have been slow to acknowledge their role in the conflict. However, in recent years, there have been efforts to address this issue. In 2019, French President Emmanuel Macron established a commission to investigate France's role in the genocide and improve relations with Rwanda.
In conclusion, responsibility for the genocide in Rwanda should be allocated based on the actions of each country and group involved. While France's role in supplying weapons to the Hutu government does make them partially responsible, the Hutu government and militias bear the majority of the responsibility. The international community also shares some responsibility for their failure to intervene and prevent the genocide. It is important for all countries involved to acknowledge their role in the conflict and work towards reconciliation and prevention of future atrocities.
Explanation:
Why did the city of Atlanta acquire the nickname "the city too busy to hate"?
A: Governor Lester Maddox's opposition to the Vietnam War caused the city to become the center of the Vietnam protest movement.
B: Governor Lester Maddox's support for the civil rights movement helped the city avoid the violence experienced in other cities.
C: Mayor William B. Hartsfield's support for the civil rights movement helped the city avoid the violence experienced in other cities
D: Mayor William B. Hartsfield's opposition to the Vietnam War caused the city to become the center of the Vietnam protest movement.
What was the reign of terror?
Answer:El Reinado del Terror, o simplemente el Terror (la Terreur), fue un período culminante de violencia respaldada por el Estado durante la Revolución francesa (1789-99), que vio las ejecuciones públicas y los asesinatos en masa de miles de "sospechosos" contrarrevolucionarios entre septiembre de 1793 y julio de 1794.
Explanation:
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Do you think Jackson's response to the nullification crisis promoted democracy? Why or why not
Answer:Andrew Jackson regarded the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification as a clear threat to the federal union and to national authority. He reacted by submitting to Congress a Force Bill authorizing the use of federal troops in South Carolina if necessary to collect tariff duties.
Answer and Explanation: Andrew Jackson promoted democracy by campaigning on the rights of the masses and for the common man. Jackson's democratic approach to government changed the way candidates for public office would campaign by going to the people.
A filibuster allows as few as ___________ Senators to ______________.
Question 24 options:
a)
25; delay a bill for six months
b)
34; delay a bill for six months
c)
34; prevent a bill from coming to a vote
d)
41; prevent a bill from coming to a vote
Answer:
d) 41; prevent a bill from coming to a vote.
Explanation:
block a bill from being put up for a vote.
A filibuster allows as few as 41 Senators to prevent a bill from coming to a vote.
A filibuster is a method used in the United States Senate to postpone or prevent a vote on a bill by keeping debate from ending. The Senate's rules set few constraints on debate; in general, a senator seeking recognition has the right to speak for as long as they want if no other senator is speaking. Only after the debate has concluded will the measure be put to a vote.
The Senate may vote to limit debate by invoking closure on a pending question under Senate Standing Rule XXII. In most circumstances, however, a majority of three-fifths of senators properly elected and sworn is required, therefore a minority of senators can defeat a measure even if it has the support of the majority.
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How were the administrations of Presidents Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover similar?
A. They all supported trade with other countries, but a foreign policy of isolation was practiced.
B. They all supported business deregulations that led to economic
growth, but they also increased income inequality.
C. They all supported the immigration restrictions that were enacted, but laws were passed protecting immigrants.
D. They all supported the government playing a more active role in developing business partnerships
B. They were all in favor of business liberalization, which boosted the economy but also raised income disparities.
Liberalization: what is it?The process of removing or reducing governmental limitations on commercial and social activity is referred to as liberalization. It is frequently linked to the promotion of individual liberties and rights as well as free-market capitalism. Deregulation of industries, privatization of state-owned businesses, and the elimination of trade restrictions and tariffs are only a few examples of the numerous shapes that liberalization can take.
Liberalization aims to boost efficiency, foster innovation and entrepreneurship, and make the economy more open and competitive. Liberalization, however, can also have unanticipated negative effects like greater inequality, social unrest, economic instability, and environmental deterioration.
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What was the purpose of the “Double V” campaign?
Answer:
The campaign was an effort of the paper to bring about changes in the United States in regard to race relations. The campaign demanded that African Americans, who were risking their lives in the war, be given full citizenship rights at home.
How many years are between the birth of Confusious and gunpowder made
Answer:
There are approximately 1,000 years between the birth of Confucius (551 BC) and the invention of gunpowder (9th century AD).
The time between the birth of Confucius (traditionally 551 BC) and the invention of gunpowder (around the 9th century AD) is at least 1450 years.
Explanation:The birth of the Chinese philosopher Confucius is traditionally dated to 551 BC, although modern scholarship often questions the historical accuracy of this date. The invention of gunpowder is less precisely dated, but it is generally agreed to have been discovered by Chinese alchemists no later than the 9th century AD. Therefore, the number of years between the birth of Confucius and the invention of gunpowder is at least 1450 years.
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In exchange for Lee's surrender, Grant offered
O A. land and freedom
OB. money and clothing
C. supplies and shoes
D. food and medical care
for Confederate soldiers.
Its math!! I accidently clicked history its easy. Anybodyyy answerrr pleasseee if correct will get crown! I need the answerASAPPP. I have been stuck on IXL!
What kind of transformation converts the graph of f(x)=6|x|–10 into the graph of g(x)=3|x|–5?
reflection across y-axis
reflection across x-axis
vertical stretch
vertical shrink
Answer:vertical shrink
Explanation:
The transformation that converts the graph of f(x) = 6|x| - 10 into the graph of g(x) = 3|x| - 5 is a vertical scaling by a factor of 1/2 followed by a vertical shift of 5 units upwards. Therefore, the correct answer is "vertical shrink".
what common factors motivated women to participate in bringing avout the revoulution
Beezley says that because the forces fighting in the civil war were unstructured and decentralized, women were seeking for a means to better their lives and were allowed to engage. The less women participate in combat, the better organized the army.
What motivated the women who took part in the Revolution?Beginning in Paris was a bigger social and political reform movement that included feminism. These women sought male equality before working to remove male dominance. Pamphlets and women's groups, particularly the Association of Revolutionary Republican Women, were the major platforms they used to advocate.
Which roles did women play throughout the American Revolution?Women were essential all during India's struggle for freedom. They organized picketing of establishments that carried foreign-made items and alcoholic beverages, they marketed Khadi, and they actively backed national movements. They bravely resisted the police baton while being imprisoned.
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Chapter 10, section 1 What programs did congress set up to help Americans pay their debts
Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) is the program that Congress set up to help Americans pay their debts.
The U.S. Treasury launched and oversaw the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to stabilise the nation's financial system, boost economic development, and reduce foreclosures in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. By buying the stock and assets of struggling companies, TARP aimed to reach these goals. As a result of serious financial issues faced by numerous large financial organisations, including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and American International Group (AIG), the global credit markets came to a virtual stop in September 2008. After Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley converted their corporate status from investment firms to commercial banks in an effort to stabilise their capital positions.
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1. What was the "art" of Bunco?
Answer:Confidence game
Explanation:Bunco was originally a confidence game similar to three-card monte. It originated in 19th-century England, where it was known as "eight dice cloth". It was imported to San Francisco as a gambling activity in 1855, where it gave its name to gambling parlors, or "bunco parlors", and more generally to any swindle.
Explain in 2 sentences the protection that the Eighth Amendment gives to citizens and give an example of this protection.
Answer:
The Eighth Amendment provides protection against the imposition of excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments. For example, it would be unconstitutional to sentence someone to life in prison without the possibility of parole for shoplifting.
The State of Florida ordered a recount of the 2000 votes because???
Answer:
The State of Florida ordered a recount of the 2000 votes because the presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore was extremely close
Explanation:
The State of Florida ordered a recount of the 2000 votes because the presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore was extremely close, with Bush initially leading by a narrow margin of just a few hundred votes. The margin was so close that it triggered an automatic recount under Florida state law.
However, the recount process was fraught with controversy and legal challenges. The first recount was conducted by machine, but there were concerns about the accuracy of the machines and whether they had been properly calibrated. The Gore campaign requested a manual recount in four counties where they believed there were issues with the ballot design and voter confusion.
The manual recount was initially allowed by the Florida Supreme Court, but the decision was overturned by the US Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore, which effectively ended the recount process and gave Bush the victory in Florida, and therefore, the presidency.
The decision was controversial and remains a topic of debate to this day. Some argue that the Supreme Court's decision effectively ended democracy in America by handing the presidency to Bush despite Gore winning the popular vote. Others argue that the decision was necessary to prevent further legal challenges and ensure a peaceful transition of power.
1.A person who unknowingly disobeys a law cannot be charged with breaking that law.
A.TRUE
B.FALSE
Answer: B
Explanation:
if somebody didn’t know they still committed the crime, still serving jail or prison time.
Answer: False
Explanation: A person who unknowingly disobeys a law can be charged with breaking that law because ignorance of the law is not a valid defense for the perpetrator. Everybody who is a US citizen has a responsibility to comprehend and apply the laws to their daily lives. The most that ignorance of a law can get an individual is a shortened sentence; however, unknowingly disobeying a law can still earn that person a criminal charge on account of not knowing the law.
Leah in the Bible was rejected by her husband jacob
Answer:
Explanation:
The story of Leah in the Bible is quite a tragic love story. Her story unfolds alongside her sister Rachel’s.
You might want to check it out to get the full picture of what was happening to Leah. This is a story of love, loss, and loneliness which leaves a legacy of both faith and pain.
In this post, we will explore Leah’s qualities and the lessons we can learn from her life.
LEAH IN THE BIBLE VERSES
Leah’s story is told in the book of Genesis but she is also mentioned at various places throughout Scripture. Here are the Bible verses where Leah appears:
Genesis 29 – 30
Genesis 49:31
Ruth 4:11
THE STORY OF RACHEL AND LEAH IN THE BIBLE
Leah and Rachel were sisters who were married to the same man. It is kind of difficult to tell one story without the other.
When Jacob arrived in the land of his uncle Laban, he fell in love with Rachel the moment he saw her.
Because he was broke and could not afford the bride price, he agreed to work for Laban for 7 years. Sadly, Laban tricked Jacob by sending in Leah for the honeymoon instead of Rachel.
It almost seems as if the wedding happened with Rachel as the bride but on the night, Leah was sent in instead.
Nobody would know the difference since in Hebrew weddings, the bride wore a heavy veil and the festivities would continue until dark.
Needless to say, Jacob was less than pleased about the trickery of his uncle. Leah was now stuck with Jacob.
The following week, Jacob married Rachel. Throughout the marriage, Leah had many children and suffered much.
Let’s get into the details of Leah’s ordeal and the lessons we can learn from her life.
"Makes the goal real"
Which goal-setting step is described by this sentence?
Write it down
Locate resources
Identify obstacles
Set a timeline
Check in on your progress
Answer:
The goal-setting step described by the sentence "Makes the goal real" is "Write it down." By writing down a goal, it becomes more concrete and tangible, and you are more likely to remember it and work towards it.
Answer:
"Makes the goal real" describes the goal-setting step, Write it down. Or, answer A.
Supposing that OC bisects both ∠AOE and ∠BOD and that m∠1 = (2x-y)°, m∠3 = (y+5)°, m∠4 = 36°. Find the values of x and y.
According to the question the solving these equations, we get x = 36 and y = 26.
What is equation?Equation is a mathematical statement that states the equality of two expressions. It is composed of two expressions that have been joined by an equal sign and can be used to solve mathematical problems. Equations can be used to solve for a single unknown variable or a combination of variables. Equations are used in a variety of disciplines including physics, engineering, and economics. They are also used to describe relationships between physical and chemical phenomena.
Let ∠AOE = x° and ∠BOD = y°.
Since OC bisects both angles, we can set the following equations:
x/2 = 2x - y
and
y/2 = y + 5
Solving these equations, we get x = 36 and y = 26.
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4. The Reichstag Fire and explosion on the Japanese Manchurian railway are both described as
likely "false flag" events. Describe what a "false flag" is and how it is used.
Answer:
Explanation:
A "false flag" is an event in which an individual or group carries out a covert operation and makes it appear as though it was carried out by another entity. In other words, a "false flag" operation is a covert operation designed to deceive and create a false narrative for political or military purposes. This tactic is often used to manipulate public opinion, create a justification for military intervention or war, or shift blame onto another party. The Reichstag Fire and the explosion on the Japanese Manchurian railway are both examples of "false flag" events that were used as pretexts for the German invasion of Poland and the Japanese invasion of China, respectively.
Define special interest groups. Explain whether you agree or disagree with their ability to influence government policy by giving money to politicians or political parties.
Answer:
Special interest groups are organizations that represent the interests of a particular sector or group of people and advocate for their interests in government policy. These groups are typically formed around a particular issue or cause, such as the environment, gun rights, or labor rights.
I believe that special interest groups should have the right to participate in the political process and advocate for their causes, but I also think that there should be transparency and limits on the amount of money they can contribute to politicians or political parties.
On one hand, special interest groups play an important role in our democratic system by giving a voice to groups that may not have the resources or political power to advocate for themselves. They provide information and education to policymakers and the public on important issues and help to hold government officials accountable for their decisions.
On the other hand, there is a concern that special interest groups with significant financial resources can exert undue influence on the political process and sway policymakers to act in their interests rather than the interests of the public. Large campaign contributions can create a conflict of interest and lead to policies that benefit the wealthy and powerful at the expense of the general public.
To address this issue, I believe that there should be greater transparency in campaign finance and lobbying activities, so that the public can see who is funding political campaigns and which special interest groups are influencing policy decisions. There should also be limits on the amount of money that special interest groups can contribute to political campaigns or parties, to ensure that no single group or individual can have an outsized influence on the political process.
In summary, while I support the role of special interest groups in our democratic system, I believe that there should be greater transparency and limits on their ability to contribute money to politicians and political parties to ensure that the public interest is not compromised.
Explanation:
Special interest groups are organizations that advocate for specific issues or represent the interests of a particular group of people. They may seek to influence government policy by giving money to politicians or political parties. The opinions on their ability to influence government policy vary.
Explanation:Special interest groups are organizations that advocate for specific issues or represent the interests of a particular group of people. They may seek to influence government policy by giving money to politicians or political parties through campaign contributions or lobbying efforts. Whether one agrees or disagrees with their ability to influence government policy depends on individual opinions and perspectives. Some argue that it can lead to undue influence and corruption, while others believe it is a legitimate way to promote their causes and have their voices heard.
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What is the relationship between Islam and
the empire of Mali?
Answer:
Muslims played a prominent role in the court as counselors and advisors. While the empire's founder, Sunjiata Keita, was not himself a Muslim, by 1300 Mali kings became Muslim. The most famous of them was Mansa Musa (1307-32). He made Islam the state religion and in 1324 went on pilgrimage from Mali to Mecca.
Explanation:
what was the difference between imperialism and colonialism? Be specific!
Also, there was push back from India and Ireland in regard to English colonialism. Why did that happen, what were the effects, what were the results? Again, give specific details about what was going on in India and Ireland that led to a pushback against British colonialism and what happened during those pushbacks!!!
Imperialism refers to a policy or ideology of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
What is Colonialism?Colonialism, on the other hand, refers to the actual establishment and maintenance of colonies in foreign territories.
In India, British colonialism led to widespread exploitation, economic devastation, and cultural suppression.
Indian resistance movements, such as the Indian National Congress and the nonviolent civil disobedience of Mahatma Gandhi, eventually led to India's independence in 1947.
In Ireland, British colonialism similarly led to economic exploitation and cultural suppression, as well as the subjugation of Irish language and culture. Irish resistance movements, such as Sinn Féin and the Irish Republican Army, ultimately led to Irish independence in 1922 after years of violent conflict.
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What was the “ great migration” and when did It take place?
Can someone help me please i would really appreciate it.
I need to answer these questions in order and all the little spaces
Name: ___________ Date: __3/1/2023____________ President Bush, Obama, Trump and Biden Pardons and Commutations You will need to use your text and visit the U.S. Pardons Office website: http://www.justice.gov/pardon/ to answers to these questions
1. What part of the U.S. Constitution gives the president the power to pardon?
2. How can the Constitutional power granted to the president to pardon change?
3. Define pardon and commutation.
4. What if any limitations are placed on the President to use the pardon or commutation powers?
5. How much involvement does the Department of Justice have in this process, if any?
6. President George W. Bush pardoned_____ and commuted the sentence of ____ people.
7. Did President George W. Bush commute or pardon and for what offense?
a. ___________Lewis “Scooter” Libby__________________________
b. ___________ Jose A Compean ______________________________
c. ___________ Ignacio Ramos ________________________________
8. President Obama pardoned _______ and commuted the sentence of _____ people.
9. President Obama commute or pardon for what offense?
a. ____________Chelsea Manning _____________________________
b. ____________ James Cartwright ______________________________
10.President Trump pardoned _______ and commuted the sentence of ____ people.
11.President Trump commute or pardon for what offense?
a. _______ Joseph Arpaio ____________________________________
b. _______ Susan B. Anthony _________________________________
c. ________Michael Flynn ______________________________________
12.President Biden pardoned ___________ and commuted the sentence of _______ people.
Which election loss forced the conservative movement to reorganize and change tactics?
A. Kennedy - Nixon
B. Carter - Ford
C. Reagan - Ford
D. Johnson - Goldwater
The election loss that forced the conservative movement to reorganize and change tactics were D. Johnson - Goldwater.
Modern American politics underwent a critical turning point in 1964 when Republican contender Barry Goldwater defeated Democratic incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson. As a fervent conservative, Goldwater fought for a small federal government and opposed President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, which increased the federal government's influence over everyday life in the United States.
Johnson, on the other hand, promoted liberal policies and was a driving force behind significant social and economic reforms, including the Civil Rights Act and the Big Society initiatives. Given that the conservative movement had viewed Goldwater's campaign as a referendum on conservative principles and programs, his loss was a severe setback for the movement.
A new conservative movement that individuals like Ronald Reagan would eventually personify emerged as a result of the election's aftermath when conservative activists and intellectuals started to regroup and reassess their strategy.
As a result, the conservative movement had to reformat and adopt new strategies in order to achieve their program and win the 1964 election.
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What Enlightenment principle contested the principle of the "Divine Right of Kings?"
the Social Contract
the Scientific Method
Laissez-Faire
Skepticism
The social contract, an Enlightenment tenet, asserted that legitimate political power results from an agreement among individuals to build a society and establish a government to defend their natural rights. This tenet opposed the "Divine Right of Kings" theory.
The Enlightenment principle that disputed the principle of the "Divine Right of Kings" was the social compact. According to the social contract idea, legitimate political power does not come from a king's divine or inherited right, but rather from an agreement among citizens to join a society and establish a government to defend their natural rights. The traditional belief that monarchs received their authority directly from God was severely contested by this thought, which also helped to establish the foundation for contemporary democratic government.
Can someone help me please i would really appreciate it.
I need to answer these questions in order and all the little spaces
Name: ___________ Date: ______________ President Bush, Obama, Trump and Biden Pardons and Commutations You will need to use your text and visit the U.S. Pardons Office website: http://www.justice.gov/pardon/ to answers to these questions
1. What part of the U.S. Constitution gives the president the power to pardon?
2. How can the Constitutional power granted to the president to pardon change?
3. Define pardon and commutation.
4. What if any limitations are placed on the President to use the pardon or commutation powers?
5. How much involvement does the Department of Justice have in this process, if any?
6. President George W. Bush pardoned_____ and commuted the sentence of ____ people.
7. Did President George W. Bush commute or pardon and for what offense?
a. ___________Lewis “Scooter” Libby__________________________
b. ___________ Jose A Compean ______________________________
c. ___________ Ignacio Ramos ________________________________
8. President Obama pardoned _______ and commuted the sentence of _____ people.
9. President Obama commute or pardon for what offense?
a. ____________Chelsea Manning _____________________________
b. ____________ James Cartwright ______________________________
10.President Trump pardoned _______ and commuted the sentence of ____ people.
11.President Trump commute or pardon for what offense?
a. _______ Joseph Arpaio ____________________________________
b. _______ Susan B. Anthony _________________________________
c. ________Michael Flynn ______________________________________
12.President Biden pardoned ___________ and commuted the sentence of _______ people.
Answer:
Explanation:
Name: _____________________________
Date: 2023-03-03
The U.S. Constitution grants the president the power to pardon under Article II, Section 2, Clause 1.
The Constitutional power granted to the president to pardon can only be changed through a Constitutional amendment.
Pardon is a form of clemency granted by the president that forgives someone for a federal crime and restores their civil rights, while commutation is a reduction of a person's sentence.
The President's use of pardon or commutation powers does not extend to cases of impeachment. Also, they cannot pardon someone for a state or local crime.
The Department of Justice has a process to review pardon and commutation applications and makes recommendations to the president, but the president has the ultimate decision-making power.
President George W. Bush pardoned 189 people and commuted the sentence of 11 people.
President George W. Bush commuted the sentence of Lewis “Scooter” Libby, Jose A Compean, and Ignacio Ramos.
a. Lewis “Scooter” Libby was convicted of perjury and obstruction of justice in the investigation into the leak of the identity of a CIA agent.
b. Jose A Compean and Ignacio Ramos were Border Patrol agents who were convicted of shooting and wounding an unarmed drug smuggler and attempting to cover up the incident.
President Obama pardoned 212 people and commuted the sentence of 1,715 people.
President Obama commuted the sentence of Chelsea Manning and James Cartwright.
a. Chelsea Manning was convicted of violating the Espionage Act and other offenses for leaking classified military and diplomatic documents to WikiLeaks.
b. James Cartwright was convicted of lying to the FBI about leaking classified information to journalists.
President Trump pardoned 237 people and commuted the sentence of 94 people.
President Trump pardoned Joseph Arpaio, Susan B. Anthony, and Michael Flynn.
a. Joseph Arpaio was convicted of criminal contempt of court for defying a court order to stop racially profiling Latinos.
b. Susan B. Anthony was convicted in 1873 of voting in violation of the law that only allowed men to vote.
c. Michael Flynn was convicted of lying to the FBI about his contacts with a Russian diplomat during the 2016 presidential campaign.
President Biden pardoned 18 people and commuted the sentence of 11 people.