what factors should you consider to determining what variables to measure for the control of chemical process? answer quantitatively

They are equations that describe chemical processes using chemical formulae and symbols. In a chemical equation, the reactants are represented on the left and the products are represented on the right.

Chemical equations are symbols and chemical formulas that describe a chemical process symbolically. With a plus symbol separating the entities in both the reactants and the products and an arrow pointing in the direction of the products to indicate the orientation of the reaction, the reactant entities are given on the left and the product entities are given on the right.

Chemical formulations can be combined, structural (represented by pictures), or both. The exact amounts of the stoichiometric numbers are shown as coefficients next to the symbols and formulations of the various entities. Jean Beguin drew the first chemistry equation in 1615.

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IHD (Index of Hydrogen Deficiency) is a measure of the number of unsaturations (double bonds or rings) present in an organic compound.

IHD = 1/2 times (2C+2+N-H-X)

C = Number of carbon atoms

N = Number of nitrogen atoms

H = Number of hydrogen atoms

X = Number of halogen atoms

a) 2(5) + 2 + 0 - 6 - 0/2

= 3

b) 2(6) + 2 + 0 - 10 - 0/2

= 2

c) 2(12) + 2 + 1 - 17 - 0/2

= 5

d) 2(3) + 2 + 0 - 5 - 1/2

= 1

e) 2(5) + 2 + 0 - 6 - 0/2

= 3

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An οxygen atοm has 8 prοtοns and 8 neutrοns. It alsο has 8 electrοns.

The number οf prοtοns in an atοm is equal tο the atοmic number, which is 8 fοr an οxygen atοm. Therefοre, the number οf electrοns must equal the number οf prοtοns, which is 8.

An atοm is the smallest unit οf matter that still retains the prοperties οf an element. Atοms are cοmpοsed οf a nucleus surrοunded by a clοud οf negatively charged electrοns. The nucleus cοntains pοsitively charged prοtοns and electrically neutral neutrοns.

The atοmic number is the number οf prοtοns in the nucleus οf an atοm. It is used tο identify an element, as each element has a unique atοmic number. Fοr example, the atοmic number οf οxygen is 8, as οxygen atοms cοntain 8 prοtοns in their nucleus.

Electrοns are negatively charged particles that οrbit the nucleus οf an atοm. Electrοns determine the chemical prοperties οf an atοm, as they fοrm bοnds with οther atοms. The number οf electrοns in an atοm is equal tο the number οf prοtοns, as atοms must have a neutral charge.

An οxygen atοm has 8 prοtοns, 8 neutrοns, and 8 electrοns. The atοmic number οf οxygen is 8, which is equal tο the number οf prοtοns, and the number οf electrοns is equal tο the number οf prοtοns.

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The change in temperature for the silicon is 7.042°C.

The change in temperature of a substance can be calculated by using the following formula:

Q = mc∆T

Where;

According to this question, 125 J of energy are released when 25.0 g Si comes into contact with cold water.

125J = 25 g × 0.71 J/g K × ∆T

125 = 17.75∆T

∆T = 125/17.75

∆T = 7.042°C

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The best definition of crustal deformation is that it is the constructive force that is the result of the edges of Earth's crust pushing and pulling against each other.

Crustal deformation refers to the changes in the shape, position, and orientation of the Earth's crust due to the forces acting on it.

These forces can be compressional, tensional, or shear, and they cause the crust to buckle, fold, fault, and uplift.

Crustal deformation can result in the formation of new landforms, such as mountains, valleys, and plateaus, and can also cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Thus, the best definition of crustal deformation is that it is the constructive force that is the result of the edges of Earth's crust pushing and pulling against each other.

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We must combine 25.9 mL of the benzoic acid solution with 74.1 mL of the sodium benzoate solution in order to create a 100.0 mL pH 4.00 buffer solution using 0.100 M benzoic acid and 0.180 M sodium benzoate.

With sodium benzoate and benzoic acid, we may create a pH 4.00 buffer using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH equals pKa plus log([A-]/[HA])

Rearranging the equation to find the ratio of [A-]/[HA] will enable us to create a buffer with a pH of 4.00:

[A-]/[HA] = 10^(pH - pKa) (pH - pKa)

[A-]/[HA] = 0.630

0.630 * 0.100 M benzoic acid * V2 = 0.180 M sodium benzoate

V1 + V2 = 100.0 mL

One variable can be solved for in terms of another:

V1 = 0.350 V2

then enter the following expression as V1 in the second equation:

1.350 V2 = 100.0 mL

V2 = 74.1 mL

V1 = 0.350 * 74.1 mL = 25.9 mL

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To determine the minimum mass of hexane that could be left over by the chemical reaction, we need to first balance the chemical equation:

2 C₆H₁₄ + 19 O₂ → 12 CO₂ + 14 H₂O

From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of hexane react with 19 moles of oxygen to produce 12 moles of carbon dioxide and 14 moles of water.

Next, we need to calculate the number of moles of hexane and oxygen in the given masses:

Number of moles of hexane = 46. g / 86.18 g/mol = 0.533 mol

Number of moles of oxygen = 66.1 g / 32.00 g/mol = 2.066 mol

To determine the limiting reactant, we need to compare the number of moles of each reactant to their respective stoichiometric coefficients. The stoichiometric coefficient for hexane is 2, and the coefficient for oxygen is 19/2 = 9.5.

Since the number of moles of oxygen is greater than the number of moles required for the reaction (9.5 times the number of moles of hexane), oxygen is in excess and hexane is the limiting reactant.

Using the balanced equation, we can calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide and water produced:

Number of moles of carbon dioxide = 0.533 mol × (12 mol CO2 / 2 mol hexane) = 3.198 mol CO₂

Number of moles of water = 0.533 mol × (14 mol H2O / 2 mol hexane) = 3.731 mol H₂O

Finally, we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to calculate the number of moles of hexane that react completely:

Number of moles of hexane that react = 0.533 mol

Therefore, the minimum mass of hexane that could be left over is:

Mass of hexane left over = (0.533 mol) × (86.18 g/mol) = 45.9 g

Rounding to three significant digits, the minimum mass of hexane that could be left over is 45.9 g.

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Answer:

A hydrocarbon

Explanation:

A process needs a negative change in free energy to be spontaneous. The relationship between the changes in enthalpy and entropy and the change in free energy is explained.

Whereas delta G° refers to the standard Gibbs free energy under standard conditions, delta G alone refers to the change in Gibbs free energy under specific conditions.

Declining energy and rising entropy interact to form combustion processes, which are what spontaneous reactions are. The reaction is random if the Gibbs Free Energy is negative; it is non-spontaneous if it is positive.

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Answer: multiple choice

Q1: Empty Space

Q2: protons and neutrons

Q3: A

Q4:C

Q5:A

Explanation:

Answer:

The given chemical equation is:

I^- + S ==> S^-2 + I^2

To balance the reduction half-reaction of this equation, we need to identify which species is undergoing reduction, i.e., which species is gaining electrons. In this case, sulfur (S) is being reduced to sulfide (S^-2), so the reduction half-reaction involves sulfur.

The unbalanced reduction half-reaction is:

S ==> S^-2

To balance this half-reaction, we need to add electrons (e^-) to the left-hand side to balance the charge. The number of electrons added should be equal to the difference in oxidation states of sulfur between the reactant and product sides of the equation. In this case, sulfur is going from an oxidation state of 0 to -2, so it is gaining two electrons. The balanced reduction half-reaction is:

S + 2 e^- ==> S^-2

Therefore, the balanced reduction half-reaction of the given chemical equation is:

S + 2 e^- ==> S^-2

The boiling point of the substance in the given temperature versus time graph is at 120°C.

Based on the given temperature versus time graph, the boiling point of the substance can be determined by analyzing the temperature at which the substance changes from a liquid to a gas. This is commonly referred to as the boiling point of the substance.

In this graph, there is a rapid increase in temperature from 0°C to 140°C between time 7 and time 18. This suggests that the substance underwent a phase change from a liquid to a gas during this period. Therefore, the boiling point of the substance is located between 0°C and 140°C.

Furthermore, we can see that the temperature is constant at 120°C between time 18 and time 19. This indicates that the substance has fully boiled and is now at a constant temperature of 120°C. Therefore, we can conclude that the boiling point of the substance is at 120°C.

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So, 5.42 g or so is roughly the mass of oxygen gas.

The number of moles of gas, n, is equal to the mass of the gas in the syringe divided by its molar mass in grammes. To calculate n, the number of moles of gas, use the ideal gas equation PV = nRT. For this, the experiment's ambient temperature and pressure must be recorded.

The ideal gas law can be used to solve this issue:

PV = nRT

We need to find the number of moles of oxygen gas, which can be calculated as:

n = PV/RT

where P = 7.05 atm, V = 5.2 L, R = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K, and T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K.

n = (7.05 atm)(5.2 L)/(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)(298.15 K) ≈ 0.169 mol

Now we can use the molar mass of oxygen to calculate its mass:

mass = n × M

where M is the molar mass of oxygen, which is approximately 32 g/mol.

mass = 0.169 mol × 32 g/mol ≈ 5.42 g

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9.0 g of C6H12O6 contain 3.01 x 10²³ molecules of glucose.

The result is 180.156, with grammes per mole being the unit. Hence, the mass of glucose is 90 and its molar mass is 180.156, giving us the moles of glucose, which are roughly 1.5 moles.

We can convert grammes to moles using the molar mass of glucose, and then moles to molecules using Avogadro's number:

1 mole C6H12O6 = 180 g C6H12O6

90.0 g C6H12O6 = (90.0 g C6H12O6) / (180 g/mol) = 0.5 mol C6H12O6

1 mol C6H12O6 = 6.02 x 10²³ molecules C6H12O6

0.5 mol C6H12O6 = (0.5 mol C6H12O6) x (6.02 x 10²³ molecules/mol) = 3.01 x 10²³ molecules C6H12O6

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The pH of the resulting solution is approximately 1.96.

To solve this problem, we need to calculate the concentration of the final solution after the addition of NaOH and HCl, and then use this concentration to calculate the pH of the solution.

First, let's calculate the number of moles of NaOH and HCl that are added to the solution:

moles of NaOH = volume of NaOH x concentration of NaOH

moles of NaOH = 5.00 mL x (0.100 mol/L) / 1000 mL/L

moles of NaOH = 0.0005 mol

moles of HCl = volume of HCl x concentration of HCl

moles of HCl = 10.00 mL x (0.100 mol/L) / 1000 mL/L

moles of HCl = 0.001 mol

Next, let's determine the number of moles of NaOH and HCl that react with each other:

Since NaOH and HCl react in a 1:1 ratio, the number of moles of NaOH that react with HCl is equal to the number of moles of HCl, which is 0.001 mol.

Since we can't have negative moles of a substance, we know that all of the NaOH has reacted with the HCl. Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH in the final solution is zero, and the number of moles of HCl is equal to the original number of moles of HCl added to the solution, which is 0.001 mol.

Now, let's calculate the concentration of the final solution:

total volume of the solution = volume of NaOH + volume of water + volume of HCl

total volume of the solution = 5.00 mL + 75.00 mL + 10.00 mL

total volume of the solution = 90.00 mL

concentration of the final solution = moles of HCl / total volume of the solution

concentration of the final solution = 0.001 mol / (90.00 mL / 1000 mL/L)

concentration of the final solution = 0.0111 mol/L

Finally, let's calculate the pH of the final solution using the formula for the pH of an acidic solution:

pH = -log[H+]

[H+] = concentration of H+ ions in the solution

[H+] = concentration of HCl

pH = -log(0.0111)

pH = 1.96

Therefore, the pH of the resulting solution is approximately 1.96 after calculating the concentration of final solution.

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Boyle's law is a fundamental principle in physics that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, when temperature and the number of particles are kept constant.

It states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, meaning that if the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure will increase, and if the volume of a gas increases, its pressure will decrease.

1)

P1V1 = P2V2

P2 = P1V1/V2

P2 = 1 * 1000/473

P2 = 2.1 atm

2)

V2 = P1V1/P2

V2 = 1 * 2/6 * 10^4

V2 = 3.3 * 10^-5 L

3) V2 = P1V1/P2

V2 = 2 * 10^6 * 1 * 10^-5/0.275

V2 = 72.7 L

4)

V2 = P1V1/P2

V2 = 3.04 * 10^4 * 10/150

V2 = 2027 L

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If this reaction happened and produced 47 g of water, it would also produce 92 grams of carbon dioxide.

Eight moles of CO2 are created for every ten moles of water. Based on the quantity of water created, we can use this ratio to determine the amount of CO2 produced:

Moles of H2O are equal to the mass of H2O divided by the molar mass of H2O, which is 18.015 g/mol.

moles of CO2 = (8/10) * moles of H2O moles of CO2 = (8/10) * 2.61 mol = 2.09 mol moles of H2O = 47 g / 18.015 g/mol = 2.61 mol

Ultimately, mass of CO2 is calculated as moles of CO2 times the molar mass of CO2, where the molar mass of CO2 is 44.01 g/mol.

Hence, 91.8 ≈ 92 grams of carbon dioxide would result from the process.

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The force that gravity must pull down on the car in order to break the bridge must be greater than 782 N.

Newton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that when an object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force back on the first object.

In other words, if object A pushes or pulls on object B, object B will push or pull back on object A with the same force, but in the opposite direction. This law applies to all objects in the universe, whether they are stationary or in motion.

For this question, the force that the car must apply on the bridge to break must be greater than 782 N.

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7.19 is pKnet for the net reaction in which water plus dissolved carbon dioxide form hydrogen ions plus bicarbonate ions

The balanced reaction would be: H+ + HCO₃- ⇌ H₂CO₃

The equilibrium constant for the reaction is:

Keq = [H₂CO₃]/[H+][HCO₃-] = 10^(pKnet) = 7.94 × 10⁻⁷

Using the equilibrium constant, we can set up an expression for x:

Keq = [H₂CO₃]/[H+][HCO₃-] = x/[(2.48 × 10⁻² - x)(1.8 × 10⁻²)]

x = 6.43 × 10 ⁻⁸ M

Therefore, the final concentration of H+ is 6.43 × 10⁻⁸ M, and the pH is:

pH = -log[H+] = -log(6.43 × 10⁻⁸) = 7.19

So the pH decreases from the average value of 7.4 to 7.19

The acidity or basicity of a solution is measured by its pH. It is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution as a negative logarithm (base 10) The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 0 representing the most acidic condition, 7 representing neutral conditions, and 14 representing the most basic.

The total amount of dissolved inorganic carbon in a solution, including bicarbonate ions and carbon dioxide , is referred to as the carbonate pool. Blood plasma contains the carbonate pool, which serves as a buffer and contributes to pH stability in biological systems.

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The formula for the compound oxygen pentafluoride is OF5

Oxygen pentafluoride (OF5) is a chemical compound composed of one oxygen atom and five fluorine atoms. It is a pale yellow gas that is highly reactive and an oxidizing agent. It can be synthesized by reacting fluorine gas with an excess of oxygen gas, and is commonly used as a fluorinating agent in organic chemistry reactions. Because of its reactivity and potential hazards, oxygen pentafluoride is handled and stored with great care.

Oxygen pentafluoride (OF5) is a highly reactive and polar gas with the following characteristics:

Therefore, OF5 is commonly used as a fluorinating agent in organic chemistry reactions due to its ability to transfer fluorine atoms to other molecules.

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The reciprocal of the square of each distance is a measure of how much the force is affected by the distance. To calculate this, take the reciprocal (1/x) of the square of each distance.

Reciprocal is an adjective that refers to a mutual exchange or interaction between two or more parties. It is often used to describe a situation in which each person or group involved in a relationship has an equal and opposite effect on the other. For example, a reciprocal trade agreement is one in which two countries agree to trade with one another without imposing tariffs or other restrictions. Reciprocal relationships can also be found in social situations, such as in friendships, where two people are mutually supportive and understanding of one another.

For example, for the first distance of 1m, the reciprocal of the square of the distance is 1/12 = 1.000.

Force (N)  Distance (m)  Force Factor  1/Distance2

0.667      1              1.000      1.000

1.000      1.5          1.500      0.444

1.333      2              2.000      0.250

The force factor is an expression of the strength of the force relative to the original force. To calculate the force factor for each force, divide it by the original force. For example, for the first force of 0.667 N, the force factor is 0.667/0.667 = 1.000.

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Therefore, the flow rate of ammonia that should be delivered into the stream is 6.34 x 10⁶ L/s.

Concentration refers to the amount of a substance that is dissolved or present in a given volume or mass of a solution or mixture. It is usually expressed as the amount of solute per unit of solvent or solution. There are different ways to express concentration, including molarity, molality, mass percentage, volume percentage, and parts per million (ppm), among others. Concentration is an important parameter in many fields, including chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, and engineering.

Here,

To solve this problem, we need to use the ideal gas law to calculate the number of moles of NO in the exhaust stream, and then use stoichiometry to determine how much ammonia is required to react completely with the NO. First, let's use the ideal gas law to calculate the number of moles of NO in the exhaust stream:

PV = nRT

where P is the partial pressure of NO, V is the volume of the exhaust stream, n is the number of moles of NO, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature of the exhaust stream.

We can rearrange this equation to solve for n:

n = PV/RT

Plugging in the values given in the problem, we get:

n(NO) = (21.8 torr) (335 L/s) / (0.08206 L·atm/mol·K) (955 K)

n(NO) = 972.4 mol/s

Now let's use stoichiometry to determine how much ammonia is required to react completely with the NO. According to the balanced chemical equation, 4 moles of NH₃ react with 4 moles of NO:

4NH₃(g) + 4NO(g) → 4N₂(g) + 6H₂O(g)

So the number of moles of NH₃ required is equal to the number of moles of NO, or:

n(NH₃) = n(NO) = 972.4 mol/s

However, the ammonia delivered to the stream is only 65.4% pure, so we need to calculate the actual flow rate of ammonia required to deliver this many moles of NH₃.

Let's first calculate the number of moles of ammonia that would be present in 1 L of the ammonia solution:

n(NH₃) = (65.4/100) (765 torr / 760 torr) (1 L) / (0.08206 L·atm/mol·K) (298 K)

n(NH3) = 0.0270 mol/L

Now we can use this value to calculate the flow rate of ammonia required:

Flow rate of ammonia = n(NH₃) / molarity of ammonia solution x purity of ammonia solution

Flow rate of ammonia = 972.4 mol/s / (0.0270 mol/L) / (65.4/100)

Flow rate of ammonia = 6.34 x 10⁶ L/s

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The 20Δ heat is released when 4.00 mol iron is reacted with excess O 2, 12Δ heat is released when 1.00 mol Fe 2 O3 is produced, 7Δ heat is released when 1.00 g iron is reacted with excess O 2.

What is reaction ?

A chemical reaction is the transformation of one or more chemicals, known as reactants, into one or more new compounds, known as products. The change in concentration of any of the reactants or products per unit of time can be used to determine the rate or speed of a reaction. It is determined by the equation rate=time + concentration.

What is exothermic reaction ?

The exothermic reaction is spreading or eliminating energy to the surroundings. It is the reaction where the energy is released in the state of energy or heat. The reaction which releases heat is called an exothermic reaction; in simple words, it can state like that. In this reaction, the temperature will increase.

Therefore, 20Δ heat is released when 4.00 mol iron is reacted with excess O 2, 12Δ heat is released when 1.00 mol Fe 2 O3 is produced, 7Δ heat is released when 1.00 g iron is reacted with excess O 2.

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1. The number of moles of carbon dioxide represent is 4 moles

2. The number of atoms of hydrogen that reacts is 1.204×10²⁴ atoms

3. The mole ratio between oxygen and water is 5 : 2

The number of mole of carbon dioxide represent can be obtained as follow:

2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O

From the balanced equation above,

2 moles of C₂H₂ reacted with 5 moles of O₂ to produce 4 moles of CO₂ and 2 moles of H₂O

Thus, we can conclude that the number of mole of carbon dioxide, CO₂ represent is 4 moles

The number of atoms of hydrogen that reacts can be obtained as follow:

2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O

1 mole of H = 6.02×10²³ atoms

Therefore,

2 moles of H = (2 mole × 6.02×10²³ atoms) / 1 mole

2 moles of H = 1.204×10²⁴ atoms

Thus, the number of atoms is 1.204×10²⁴ atoms

The mole ration between oxygen and water can be obtained as follow:

2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O

Mole ratio = Mole of oxygen / mole of water

Mole ratio = 5 / 2

Mole ratio = 5 : 2

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Answer:

Carbon dioxide is CO2 and the number in front of that product is 4, so without additional information it is safe to assume we have four moles of carbon dioxide.

As for part b, the only compound that has hydrogen is C2H2 which consists of 2 moles of hydrogen because of the subscript next to the hydrogen. We have 2 moles of C2H2 so we multiply our existing number of moles of hydrogen by 2 to get the total number of moles for hydrogen. Which in this case will be 4 moles.

Oxygen gas is O2 and water is H2O. The coefficient in front of O2 is 5 and the coefficient in front of H2O is 2. So the ratio is 5:2.

The volume that the dry hydrogen would occupy at STP is 2.72 L.

To find the volume of dry hydrogen gas at STP, we need to use the ideal gas law equation:

PV = nRT

Where

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas generated in the experiment. To do this, we can use the following equation:

n = PV/RT

Where

First, we need to convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:

T = 20°C + 273.15 = 293.15 K

The vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 2.34 kPa, so the total pressure is:

P = atmospheric pressure + vapor pressure of water

= 98.60 kPa + 2.34 kPa

= 100.94 kPa

Now we can calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas:

n = PV/RT

= (100.94 kPa)(2.58 L)/(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(293.15 K)

= 0.113 mol

Next, we can use the ideal gas law to find the volume of dry hydrogen gas at STP. At STP, the pressure is 1 atm and the temperature is 273.15 K.

PV = nRT

V = nRT/P

= (0.113 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(273.15 K)/(1 atm)

= 2.72 L

Therefore, the volume that the dry hydrogen would occupy at STP is 2.72 L.

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Count the number of oxygen atoms on both sides of the equation and compare them. The number of oxygen atoms should be equal on both sides of a balanced equation.

The chemical substance oxygen has a number in the atomic structure of 8. (it has eight protons in its nucleus). At common temperatures and pressures, oxygen turns into the chemical substance (O2) of two atoms, which is a colorless gas.

Three oxygen molecules (O3) combine to form the odorless, colorless gas known as ozone, that occurs naturally in the atmosphere. Both the higher atmosphere of the Earth, known as the stratosphere, and the lower atmosphere, known as the troposphere, can contain it.

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Answer:

To solve this problem, we need to calculate the number of moles of NaOH and HCl that are added to the water, and then determine how these react to form a new solution.

First, let's calculate the number of moles of NaOH that are added to the water:

moles NaOH = Molarity x Volume (in liters)

moles NaOH = 0.100 mol/L x 0.00400 L

moles NaOH = 0.000400 mol

Next, let's calculate the number of moles of HCl that are added to the solution:

moles HCl = Molarity x Volume (in liters)

moles HCl = 0.800 mol/L x 0.01900 L

moles HCl = 0.0152 mol

Now we need to determine how these react with each other. NaOH and HCl react in a 1:1 ratio to form NaCl (sodium chloride) and water:

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Since we have an excess of HCl, all of the NaOH will be used up in the reaction. Therefore, the moles of NaCl formed will be equal to the moles of NaOH added. The remaining HCl will determine the pH of the resulting solution.

moles NaCl = 0.000400 mol

The total volume of the resulting solution is:

volume = 50.00 mL + 4.00 mL + 19.00 mL

volume = 0.07300 L

The concentration of HCl in the resulting solution is:

concentration HCl = moles HCl / volume

concentration HCl = 0.0152 mol / 0.07300 L

concentration HCl = 0.208 M

To find the pH, we can use the formula:

pH = -log[H+]

where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. Since HCl is a strong acid, it completely dissociates in water to form H+ and Cl- ions. Therefore, the concentration of H+ ions in the solution is equal to the concentration of HCl.

pH = -log(0.208)

pH = 0.68

Therefore, the pH of the resulting solution is 0.68.

A) Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 --> PbSO4 + 2NaNO3

B) Moles = gms/molecular weight

C) All of the lead nitrate is consumed. This leaves some unreacted sodium sulfate as well as the product sodium nitrate.

Saltpeter (saltpetre), nitrate of potassium, and nitre are some of its popular names. It is used in the manufacture of nitric acid, model rocket propellants, and several kinds of fireworks. It also serves as a dietary preservative and manure.

1.5 / (331.2) = 1.5/331 = 0.0045 mol lead nitrate

125 mL = 0.125L of sodium sulfate

0.1M means 0.1 moles / L

Therefore 0.125L x 0.1 moles/L = 0.0125 mol sodium sulfate

The reagent with lowest moles is limiting agent. here Lead nitrate is having lower moles compared to sodium sulfate so lead nitrate is limiting agent.

C) All of the lead nitrate is consumed. This leaves some unreacted sodium sulfate as well as the product sodium nitrate.

0.0125-0.0045=0.008 moles sodium sulfate will remain

the sodium nitrate forms at a 2:1 ratio, so 0.0125*2 = 0.025 mol of sodium nitrate formed.

The three ions then are:

SO42-, Na+ , NO3-

There is 0.008 mol of SO42- in solution

There is 0.025 mol of NO3- in solution

There is 0.008 x 2 + 0.025 = 0.041 mol of Na+ in solution

by assuming that the volume change is negligible  Therefore the total volume remains constant at 125 mL = 0.125 L

0.008 / 0.125 = 0.064M SO42-

0.025/ 0.125 = 0.2M NO3-

0.041 / 0.125 = 3.28 M Na+

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0.125L of sodium sulfate is the concentration of SO₂⁴⁻ ion that remain in solution after the reaction is complete.

A) Pb(NO₃)² + Na₂SO₄ --> PbSO₄ + 2NaNO₃

B) Moles = grams/molecular weight

C) All of the lead nitrate is consumed. This leaves some unreacted sodium sulfate as well as the product sodium nitrate.

Saltpeter (saltpetre), nitrate of potassium, and nitre are some of its popular names. It is used in the manufacture of nitric acid, model rocket propellants, and several kinds of fireworks. It also serves as a dietary preservative and manure.

                   1.5 / (331.2)

                     = 1.5/331 = 0.0045 mol lead nitrate

125 mL = 0.125L of sodium sulfate

0.1M means 0.1 moles / L

Therefore 0.125L x 0.1 moles/L = 0.0125 mol sodium sulfate

The reagent with lowest moles is limiting agent. here Lead nitrate is having lower moles compared to sodium sulfate so lead nitrate is limiting agent.

C) All of the lead nitrate is consumed. This leaves some unreacted sodium sulfate as well as the product sodium nitrate.

                              0.0125-0.0045=0.008 moles

sodium sulfate will remain the sodium nitrate forms at a 2:1 ratio, so 0.0125*2 = 0.025 mol of sodium nitrate formed.

The three ions then are:

                              SO₄²⁻, Na⁺ , NO₃⁻

There is 0.008 mol of SO₄²⁻ in solution

There is 0.025 mol of NO₃⁻ in solution

There is 0.008 x 2 + 0.025 = 0.041 mol of Na⁺ in solution , by assuming that the volume change is negligible  Therefore the total volume remains constant at 125 mL = 0.125 L

                   0.008 / 0.125 = 0.064M SO₄²⁻

                         0.025/ 0.125 = 0.2M NO₃⁻

                          0.041 / 0.125 = 3.28 M Na⁺

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