Answer:
iron i believe is ionic and carbon is covalent
Explanation:
if im wrong correct me
Everything in outer space including stars, planets, and galaxies
O A. Solar System
B. Universe
OC. Galaxy
D. Biosphere
I
Answer:
Universe.
Explanation:
Biosphere is just a planet. Solar system contains planets and star. Galaxy holds multiple solar systems only. Universe hold everything, biospheres, solar systems, and galaxies. I hope this helps :D
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
A solar system is IN a galaxy. Its not A.
A Galaxy doesnt have other galaxies in it. Its not c
A biosphere is only referring to earth. its not D.
Therefore, it is B. A universe is everything in outer space including stars, planets, and galaxies.
9. What are the advantages of using an indicator to inform pH measurements? What are the advantages of using a pH meter?
Answer:
The advantages of using an indicator to inform pH measurements:
It gives a mathematically result of the pH, in addition, it gives the precise pH of solvent, and it also gives an idea of the straight of the solution also.
Now, the advantage of using a pH meter:
It is a rapid method to characterize between acids, bases. However, this method does not show how strong acid or base actually are, plus it tends to gives a range of acidity or basicity not quite accurate as a result.
What volume of a 0.181 M nitric acid solution is required to neutralize 25.1 mL of a 0.167 M calcium hydroxide solution
Answer:
46.32 mL
Explanation:
We'll begin by writing the balanced equation for the reaction. This is illustrated below:
2HNO₃ + Ca(OH)₂ —> Ca(NO₃)₂ + 2H₂O
From the balanced equation above,
The following data were obtained:
Mole ratio of the acid, HNO₃ (nA) = 2
Mole ratio of the base, Ca(OH)₂ (nB) = 1
Next, we shall write out the data obtained from the question. This includes:
Molarity of the acid, HNO₃ (Ma) = 0.181 M
Volume of the base, Ca(OH)₂ (Vb) = 25.1 mL
Molarity of the base, Ca(OH)₂ (Mb) = 0.167 M
Volume of the acid, HNO₃ (Va) =?
Finally, we shall determine the volume of the acid, HNO₃ as shown below:
MaVa/ MbVb = nA/nB
0.181 × Va / 0.167 × 25.1 = 2/1
0.181 × Va / 4.1917 = 2
Cross multiply
0.181 × Va = 4.1917 × 2
0.181 × Va = 8.3834
Divide both side by 0.181
Va = 8.3834 / 0.181
Va = 46.32 mL
Therefore, the nitric acid, HNO₃ required for the reaction is 46.32 mL
Considering the patterns you have noticed in this activity, which statement best explains why a compound with the molecular formula CH3 doesn't exist in nature?
A. Hydrogen typically needs four bonds to reach a noble gas configuration.
B. Carbon needs more than just three bonds to reach a noble gas configuration. C. The chemical CH3 does not react with other substances because of its high stability.
D. CH3 has three double bonds, which fails to give it a noble gas configuration
Answer:
The answer is B
Explanation:
I had the same question and I chose B and it was correct.
Answer:
B. Carbon needs more than just three bonds to reach a noble gas
Explanation:
PLATO ANSWER
PLATO EXPLANATION-
Each hydrogen atom can make only one bond, but a carbon atom needs four bonds to be stable. Therefore, three hydrogen atoms are not enough for the carbon atom to make four bonds.
The internal energy of reaction is -855.1). The reaction has a change of
temperature of 63.20°C that consist of 8.85g of material. Assume the
heat capacity of 2.650J/g °C. What is the work energy of this process..
The work energy of this process : 2337.298 J
Further explanationThe laws of thermodynamics 1 state that: energy can be changed but cannot be destroyed or created
ΔU=Q-W
Q=m.c.Δt
[tex]\tt Q=8.85\times 2.650\times 63.2=1482.198~J[/tex]
the work (W) :
[tex]\tt W=Q-\Delta U\\\\W=1482.198-(-855.1)=2337.298~J[/tex]
At a constant temperature, which of the gases will have the highest average
kinetic energy?
A) H2
B) N2
C) O2
D) F2
E) All the gases will have the same average
kinetic energy.
H₂ will have the highest average kinetic energy
Further explanationEnergy because this motion is expressed as Kinetic energy (KE) which can be formulated as:
[tex]\tt \displaystyle KE=\frac{1}{2}mv^2[/tex]
Average velocities of gases can be expressed as root-mean-square averages. (V rms)
[tex]\large{\boxed{\bold{v_{rms}=\sqrt{\frac{3RT}{Mm} } }}[/tex]
R = gas constant, T = temperature, Mm = molar mass of the gas particles
From the two equations above, it can be concluded
KE is directly proportional to gas velocity Gas velocity is inversely proportional to molar massSo the highest KE is owned by the gas with the smallest molar mass
Molar mass of the gas :
A) H₂ : 2 g/mol
B) N₂ : 28 g/mol
C) O₂ : 32 g/mol
D) F₂ : 38 g/mol
So H₂ has the highest average kinetic energy
At a constant temperature: E. All the gases will have the same average kinetic energy.
According to the kinetic-molecular theory, the average kinetic energy of gas molecules (particles) is highly dependent on temperature.
Hence, the average kinetic energy of gas molecules (particles) is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas.
At a constant temperature, all gases would have the same average kinetic energy according to the kinetic-molecular theory of gases.
In conclusion, all the gases would have the same average kinetic energy since the temperature is constant.
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When a metal reacts with hydrogen carbon dioxide gas is produced? True or False
Answer:
false
Explanation:
"When a metal reacts with hydrogen carbon dioxide gas is produced" statement is false.
What is a chemical equation?A chemical reaction is a representation of symbols of the elements to indicate the amount of substance and moles of reactant and product.
Generally, metals do not react with hydrogen. But some metals like sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium force the hydrogen atom to accept the electrons given by these elements and form salt-like ionic solid compounds called metal hydrides.
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How many milliliters of 2.00 M H2SO4 will react with 28.0 g of NaOH?
Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry and the definition of molarity, 175 mL of 2 M H₂SO₄ will react with 28.0 g of NaOH.
Reaction stoichiometryIn first place, the balanced reaction is:
H₂SO₄ + 2 NaOH → Na₂SO₄ + 2 H₂O
By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:
H₂SO₄: 1 moleNaOH: 2 moles Na₂SO₄: 1 moleH₂O: 2 molesThe molar mass of the compounds is:
H₂SO₄: 98 g/moleNaOH: 40 g/moleNa₂SO₄: 142 g/moleH₂O: 18 g/moleThen, by reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:
H₂SO₄: 1 mole× 98 g/mole= 98 gramsNaOH: 2 moles× 40 g/mole= 80 gramsNa₂SO₄: 1 mole× 142 g/mole= 142 gramsH₂O: 2 moles× 18 g/mole= 36 gramsDefinition of molarityMolar concentration or molarity is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution and indicates the number of moles of solute that are dissolved in a given volume.
The molarity of a solution is calculated by dividing the moles of solute by the volume of the solution:
[tex]Molarity= \frac{number of moles}{volume}[/tex]
Molarity is expressed in units [tex]\frac{moles}{liter}[/tex].
Moles of H₂SO₄ requiredThe following rule of three can be applied: If by reaction stoichiometry 80 grams of NaOH react with 1 mole of H₂SO₄, 28 grams of NaOH react with how many moles of H₂SO₄?
[tex]moles of H_{2}S O_{4} =\frac{28 grams of NaOHx1 mole ofH_{2}S O_{4} }{80 grams of NaOH}[/tex]
moles of H₂SO₄= 0.35 moles
Volume of H₂SO₄ requiredIn this case, you know:
Molarity= 2 M= 2 [tex]\frac{moles}{liter}[/tex]amount of moles= 0.35 molesReplacing in the definition of molarity:
[tex]2 \frac{moles}{liter}= \frac{0.35 moles}{volume}[/tex]
Solving:
2 [tex]\frac{moles}{liter}[/tex] × volume= 0.35 moles
volume= 0.35 moles ÷ 2 [tex]\frac{moles}{liter}[/tex]
volume= 0.175 liters= 175 mL (being 1 L= 1000 mL)
Finally, 175 mL of 2 M H₂SO₄ will react with 28.0 g of NaOH.
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Determine the molarity of 1.2 mol KCl in 1.1 L of a solution?
Answer:
1.1 M
General Formulas and Concepts:
Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solutionExplanation:
Step 1: Define variables
1.2 mol KCL
1.1 L of solution
M = unknown
Step 2: Solve for Molarity
Substitute: M = 1.2 mol/1.1 LEvaluate: M = 1.09091Step 3: Check
We are given 2 sig figs. Follow sig fig rules.
1.09091 M ≈ 1.1 M
What happens to the gravitational potential energy of an object if you bring it higher with respect to the ground? *
Answer:
Increases
Explanation:
The gravitational potential energy of an object increases as you bring it higher with respect to the ground.
Gravitational potential energy depends on the mass, height and gravity between two bodies;
Gravitational potential energy = mgh
m is the mass
g is the height
h is the height
We can clearly see that the higher the elevation, the more the value of the gravitational potential energy.A 11.1-g sample of granite initially at 76.0°C is immersed into 22.0 g of water initially at 22.0°C. What is the final temperature of both substances when they reach thermal equilibrium? (For water, Cs=4.18J/g⋅∘C and for granite, Cs=0.790J/g⋅∘C.)
Answer:
[tex]T_f=26.7\°C[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello.
In this case, when two substances at different temperature are placed in contact in an isolated container, we can say that the heat lost by the hot substance is gained by the cold substance. In such a way, since granite is at 76.0 °C and water at 22.0 °C we infer granite is hot and water is cold, so we write:
[tex]Q_{granite}=-Q_{water}[/tex]
In terms of mass, specific heat and change in temperature, we write:
[tex]m_{granite}C_{granite}(T_f-T_{granite})=-m_{water}C_{water}(T_f-T_{water})[/tex]
Thus, since the temperature is the same for both substance, we can solve for it as shown below:
[tex]T_f=\frac{m_{granite}C_{granite}T_{granite}+m_{water}C_{water}T_{water}}{m_{granite}C_{granite}+m_{water}C_{water}}[/tex]
By plugging in each variable, we obtain:
[tex]T_f=\frac{11.1g*0.790\frac{J}{g\°C} *76.0\°C+22.0g*4.18\frac{J}{g\°C} *22.0\°C}{11.1g*0.790\frac{J}{g\°C} +22.0g*4.18\frac{J}{g\°C}}\\\\T_f=26.7\°C[/tex]
Best regards!
Which determines the reactivity of an alkali metal?
a. it's boiling and melting points
b. the shininess of its surface
c. the number of protons it has
d. it's ability to lose electrons
Answer:
d. It's ability to lose electrons
A student performed the experiment in this module but failed to follow the procedure exactly, keeping the crucible completely covered during the entire heating and cooling processes. Be specific.
1. Explain the probable effect of this procedural change on the experimental results.
2. Would the student's calculated percent water in the hydrate be high, low, or unaffected? Briefly explain
Answer:
This question is incomplete
Explanation:
This question is incomplete but the answer to the question can be correctly predicted from the available information from the question.
1. If a "container" (in this case a crucible) is closed throughout a heating experiment. Then it must be noted that water vapor will not be able to escape during the course of the experiment. The water vapor will form a "cloud" of water droplets under the cover of the crucible. And when this crucible is cooled, this water droplets return back to the content/substance inside the crucible.
2. When compared with the initial amount of water present in the substance in the crucible, the percentage of water "left" in the hydrate or substance in the crucible would be high. This is because the water vapor that was suppose to leave the crucible did not leave because the crucible was closed (thus causing very low amount of water vapour to leave).
Because of the student error, the percent water of crystallization value the hydrate will be lower than its actual value.
What is evaporation?Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes spontaneously to vapor.
In the experiment to determine percentage water of crystallization, the crucible is left open to ensure all the water molecules are removed by evaporation.
However,, since the student did not remove the crucible cover during heating, some water molecules will not be able to escape completely, but will return back to the salt.
Hence, the percent water of crystallization value the hydrate will be lower because the of mass of the anhydrous salt will be higher than its actual value.
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2. Suppose 13.7 g of C2H2 reacts with 18.5 g O2 according to the reaction below. C2H2(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(ℓ) a. What is the mass of CO2 produced? b. What is the limiting reagent?
Answer:
Mass of CO₂ produced = 20.328 g
Oxygen is limiting reagent.
Explanation:
Given data:
Mass of C₂H₂ = 13.7 g
Mass of O₂ = 18.5 g
Mass of CO₂ produced = ?
What is limiting reagent = ?
Solution:
Chemical equation:
2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O
Number of moles of C₂H₂:
Number of moles = mass /molar mass
Number of moles = 13.7 g/ 26.04 g/mol
Number of moles = 0.526 mol
Number of moles of O₂:
Number of moles = mass /molar mass
Number of moles = 18.5 g/ 32 g/mol
Number of moles = 0.578 mol
Now we will compare the moles of CO₂ with C₂H₂ and O₂
C₂H₂ : CO₂
2 : 4
0.526 : 4/2×0.526 = 1.052
O₂ : CO₂
5 : 4
0.578 : 4/5×0.578 = 0.462
The number of moles of CO₂ produced by O₂ are less thus oxygen will be limiting reactant.
Mass of CO₂ produced:
Mass = number of moles × molar mass
Mass = 0.462 mol × 44 g/mol
Mass = 20.328 g
Brad pushed a shopping cart directly toward his car at a constant velocity for 6.0 seconds.
During that time, Brad's daughter jogged past him at 2.4 meters per second, and the cart
moved 6.6 meters. What was the cart's velocity?
Answer:
Watch Naruto that's the answer
Explanation:
How many moles is 3.01 x 10 24 molecules of oxygen ( g)?
Answer:
5.00 moles O₂
General Formulas and Concepts:
Chemistry - Atomic Structure
Using Dimensional AnalysisAvogadro's Number - 6.022 × 10²³ atoms, molecules, formula units, etc.Explanation:
Step 1: Define
3.01 × 10²⁴ molecules O₂
Step 2: Convert
[tex]3.01 \cdot 10^{24} \ mc \ O_2(\frac{1 \ mol \ O_2}{6.022 \cdot 10^{23} \ mc \ O_2} )[/tex] = 4.99834 moles O₂
Step 3: Check
We are given 3 sig figs. Follow sig fig rules and round.
4.99834 moles O₂ ≈ 5.00 moles O₂
How many molecules are in 650.0 g Mg(OH)₂ ?
Answer:
6.711 × 10²⁴ molecules Mg(OH)₂
General Formulas and Concepts:
Chemistry - Atomic Structure
Reading a Periodic TableUsing Dimensional AnalysisAvogadro's Number - 6.022 × 10²³ atoms, molecules, formula units, etc.Explanation:
Step 1: Define
650.0 g Mg(OH)₂
Step 2: Define conversions
Avogadro's Number
Molar Mass of Mg - 24.31 g/mol
Molar Mass of O - 16.00 g/mol
Molar Mass of H - 1.01 g/mol
Molar Mass of Mg(OH)₂ - 24.31 + 2(16.00) + 2(1.01) = 58.33 g/mol
Step 3: Convert
[tex]650.0 \ g \ Mg(OH)_2(\frac{1 \ mol \ Mg(OH)_2}{58.33 \ g \ Mg(OH)_2} )(\frac{6.022 \cdot 10^{23} \ molecules \ Mg(OH)_2}{1 \ mol \ Mg(OH)_2} )[/tex]
= 6.71061 × 10²⁴ molecules Mg(OH)₂
Step 4: Check
We are given 4 sig figs. Follow sig fig rules.
6.71061 × 10²⁴ molecules Mg(OH)₂ ≈ 6.711 × 10²⁴ molecules Mg(OH)₂
how does conc.H2SO4 reacts with sugar?
If a sample containing 18.1 g of NH3 is reacted with 90.4 g of
Cuo, which is the limiting reactant? How many grams of N2
will be formed?
Answer:
3.64g
Explanation:
Given parameters:
Mass of NH₃ = 18.1g
Mass of Cu₂O = 90.4g
Unknown:
Limiting reactant = ?
Mass of N₂ formed = ?
Solution:
The reaction equation is given as:
Cu₂O + 2NH₃ → 6Cu + N₂ + 3H₂O
The limiting reactant is the one in short supply in the reaction. Let us find the number of moles of the given species;
Number of moles = [tex]\frac{mass}{molar mass}[/tex]
Molar mass of Cu₂O = 2(63.6) + 16 = 143.2g/mol
Molar mass of NH₃ = 14 + 3(1) = 17g/mol
Number of moles of Cu₂O = [tex]\frac{18.1}{143.2}[/tex] = 0.13moles
Number of moles of NH₃ = [tex]\frac{90.4}{17}[/tex] = 5.32moles
From this reaction;
1 mole of Cu₂O combines with 2 mole of NH₃
So 0.13moles of Cu₂O will combine with 0.13 x 2 mole of NH₃
= 0.26moles of NH₃
Therefore, Cu₂O is the limiting reactant. Ammonia is in excess;
Mass of N₂;
Mass = number of moles x molar mass
1 mole of Cu₂O will produce 1 mole of N₂
0.13 mole of Cu₂O will produce 0.13 mole of N₂
Mass = 0.13 x (2 x 14) = 3.64g
Can someone please help me quick !!!
The enthalpy change of reaction 1 is -114 kJ mol-1
reaction 1
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
→ Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(1)
By using this information, what is the most likely value for the enthalpy change of reaction 2?
reaction 2
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(1)
Answer:
-114kJ mol-1
Explanation:
Definition of the enthalpy change of neutralization: the energy released with the formation of 1 mole of water when neutralization takes place between an acid and a base.
Since both reactions yield the same number of moles of water, the answer should be -114kJ mol-1.
The statement for the enthalpy change of reaction 2 is "-114 kJ"
What is enthalpy change?The change in enthalpy (ΔH) is a quantity of heat of a system. The enthalpy change is the amount of heat that enters or exits a system during a reaction.
One equivalent of hydrogen ions is neutralised with one equivalent of hydroxide ions in the reaction 1,
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The change in enthalpy is given as -114 kJ.
Two equivalents of hydrogen ions are neutralised with two equivalents of hydroxide ions in the reaction 2,
Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l)
But, that primary ionic reaction is same for both the reaction in which hydrogen ion combines with hydroxide ion to generate a water molecule. So, the enthalpy change of reaction 1 would be exactly same as for reaction 2.
The neutralization enthalpy comes out to be -114 kJ.
Hence the correct answer is -114 kJ.
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I WILL GIVE YOU A BRAINLIEST: Bryce observes that the sun always seems to rise in the east. He talks with others and finds that everyone has the same observation. Which term describes this equation? A) the sun rises in the east B) Why does the sunrise in the east? C) The sun appears in the east because of Earth’s rotation pattern. D) If the sun appears in the east, then I am in the Western Hemisphere.
Answer: C
Explanation:
No matter the location on Earth, the sun always rises in the east due to its rotation pattern.
Why is Mg++ smaller than Mg atom?
Answer:
The magnesium ion is much smaller than the magnesium atom because magnesium atom contains more electrons as compared to magnesium ion. Explanation: ... Whereas when an atom tends to lose an electron then it acquires a positive charge and size of the atom tends to increase.
Answer:
Because it looses it two electrons to form a stable octet Ionic form..........
A sample of compound contains 5.65x10 21 molecules molar mass of the compound is 89.06g/ mol determine the mass of the sample in grams
Answer:
Explanation:
no of molecules=5.65*10^21
NA=6.23*10^23
no of moles=no of molecules/avogadro number
no of moles=5.65*10^21/6.23*10^23
no of moles=9.07*10^-3
now we know that
no of moles=mass/molar mass
mass=no of moles*molar mass
mass=9.07*10^-3*89.06
mass=0.808 g
How many molecules are there in .0023kg of NH4SO2?
Answer:
Molar mass of NH4SO2=104gmol`
No of moles of NH4SO2=2.3g/104gmol`=0.022×(avagadro's constant)
What temperature (in °C) did an ideal gas shift to if it was initially at -10.0 °C at 4.62 atm and 35.0 L and the pressure was changed to 8.71 atm and the volume changed to 15.0 L
Answer:
-251.9°C
Explanation:
Given data:
Initial volume = 35.0 L
Initial pressure = 4.62 atm
Initial temperature = -10.0 °C (-10.0 +273 = 263.0 K)
Final temperature = ?
Final volume = 15.0 L
Final pressure = 8.71 atm
Solution:
According to general gas equation:
P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
Now we will put the values,
4.62 atm × 35.0 L / 263.0 K = 8.71 atm × 15.0 L /T₂
T₂ = 8.71 atm × 15.0 L × 263.0 K / 4.62 atm × 35.0 L
T₂ = 34360.95 atm.L.K /161.7 atm.L
T₂ = 21.26 K
Kelvin to °C:
21.26 - 273.15 K = -251.9°C
A solution has a concentration of 0.001 M NaOH (MM = 40.00
g/mol). Suppose you have 1000 g of this solution which
occupies a volume of 1 L. What is the percent by mass
concentration of NaOH?
Percent by mass : 4.10⁺³%
Further explanationThe concentration of a solution can be expressed in units such as molarity, normality, mass percent, volume percent etc.
[tex]\tt \%mass=\dfrac{mass~solute}{mass~solution}\times 100\%[/tex]
mass solute= mass of NaOH
mass of NaOH :
[tex]\tt 0.001~mol/L\times 1~L\times 40~g/mol=0.04~g[/tex]
mass solution = 1000 g
% mass :
[tex]\tt \dfrac{0.04}{1000}\times 100=4.10^{-3}\%[/tex]
The percent by mass concentration of NaOH in the given solution is approximately 0.004%.
To calculate the percent by mass concentration of NaOH, we must find the mass of NaOH in solution.
First, we determine how many moles of NaOH are present in the solution:
Molarity (M) is calculated as moles of solute per liter of solution.
1 L = 0.001 M = mole of NaOH
We rearrange the equation to find that one mole of NaOH is equal to 0.001 moles.
Mass of NaOH = moles of NaOH * molar mass of NaOH
Mass of NaOH = 0.001 mol * 40.00 g/mol
Mass of NaOH = 0.04 g
The mass of the solution is 1000 g which is given in the question.
Percent by mass concentration of NaOH = (mass of NaOH / mass of solution) * 100%
Percent by mass concentration of NaOH = (0.04 g / 1000 g) * 100%
Percent by mass concentration of NaOH = 0.004%
Hence, the percent by mass concentration of NaOH in the given solution is approximately 0.004%.
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THIS QUESTION IS HARD BUT I NEED HELP AND ITS DUE IN 20 MINS. YOU HAVE TO ANSWER A AND B FOR EVERYTHING TO BE CORRECT. I KNOW YALL ARE SMART PLSS HELP. THANKS!!
Ammonia, NH3 is a common base with Kb of 1.8 X 10-5. For a solution of 0.150 M NH3:
Write the equation for the ionization of ammonia in water.
List all species present in the solution AND determine the concentrations of each.
Determine the pH of this solution.
The concentrations : 0.15 M
pH=11.21
Further explanationThe ionization of ammonia in water :
NH₃+H₂O⇒NH₄OH
NH₃+H₂O⇒NH₄⁺ + OH⁻
The concentrations of all species present in the solution = 0.15 M
Kb=1.8 x 10⁻⁵
M=0.15
[tex]\tt [OH^-]=\sqrt{Kb.M}\\\\(OH^-]=\sqrt{1.8\times 10^{-5}\times 0.15}\\\\(OH^-]=\sqrt{2.7\times 10^{-6}}=1.64\times 10^{-3}[/tex]
[tex]\tt pOH=-log[OH^-]\\\\pOH=3-log~1.64=2.79\\\\pH=14-2.79=11.21[/tex]
what is the source of the force that moves the tectonic plates along this plate boundary
Answer:
Mantle convection
Explanation:
The source of the force that moves tectonic plates along plate boundaries is as a result of the mantle convection.
Heat energy produced in the mantle especially from radioactive decay is a very important source of internal heat that drives plate motion. Denser and cold materials close to the over-riding lithosphere above sinks deep into the mantle. Hotter and lighter materials rises to the surface. This sets up a convection cell by which the plates above are driven.