A chemical reaction is a process in which a covalent or ionic bond is broken or formed.
A chemical reaction is a process that converts one or more compounds, known as reactants, to one or more distinct substances, known as products. Chemical elements or compounds are examples of substances.
A chemical reaction equation specifies the reactants and products, whereas a balanced chemical reaction equation specifies the reactants and products' mole relationships. The quantity of energy involved in the reaction is frequently mentioned. Reaction stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative aspects of chemical processes.
Synthesis (anabolic), decomposition (catabolic), and exchange are the t
Three primary types of chemical reactions involved in human physiology.
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2. a) An isotope Q has mass number of 34 and 18 neutrons 1. Draw the atomic structure of Q (2mks) a drawing of the atomic structure
The atomic number of Q is 16, since the number of protons in an atom is equal to its atomic number.
What do you mean by atomic number?
The atomic number of an element is basically the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element. It is unique for each element and is used to identify and distinguish one element from another. The atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom of that element.
The atomic number of an atom is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus. Protons have a positive charge, and since an atom has no net charge, the number of protons in an atom must be balanced by an equal number of electrons. The number of protons in an atom is unique to each element, so it is used to identify the element and is referred to as its atomic number. Since Q has 16 protons, its atomic number is 16.
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An element has a melting point of 120°C and it is a non-conductor of electricity. Based on this information, predict three other properties of this element.
Answer:
The element must be a nonmetal
Explanation:
1. low tensile strength
2. brittle/dull
3. not ductile
How many moles of water will be formed if you start with 1.95 g glucose?
1.95 g of glucose will yield 0.0650 moles of water.
What is glucose?Glucose is described as a simple sugar with the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆ which is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates.
From the question, One more glucose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
The molar mass of glucose = 180.156 g/mol
Therefore mole = mass/ molar mass
mole = 1.95/ 180.156
mole = 0.0650 moles of water.
In conclusion, glucose occurs naturally in two distinct types of molecular arrangements known as L-glucose and D-glucose isomers.
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rank the electrophilicity of the center carbons from most to least electrophilic of the below molecules and explain your answer
The electrophilicity of atom, ion and the molecule property to accept the electron. The order of electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon is :
RCHO > R₂CO > RCO₂R'
The electrophiles are the species that are electron deficient. The electrophiles are attracted towards the electron rich center. For the carbocations the α carbons of the carbonyls, or the atoms with lots of electron withdrawing groups are the great electrophiles. The electrophiles are the species which makes the bond with the nucleophiles. The electrophiles species that have an atom with the charge +. The aldehyde towards nucleophilic reactions are more reactive than the ketones due to the steric hindrance.
The presence of the two substituents in the ketones hinders. The reason for the ester is same that is due to steric .
Thus, the electrophiles are the electron deficient and are attracted to the electron rich center.
The question is incomplete , the complete question is :
Rank the electrophilicity of the center carbons from most to least electrophilic of the below molecules and explain your answer.
a) RCHO
b) R₂CO
c) RCO₂R'
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FILL IN THE BLANK question at position 1 at physiological ph, the carboxylic acid group of an amino acid will be _____ , while the amino group will be ____, yielding the zwitterion form.
At position 1 at physiological ph, the carboxylic acid group of an amino acid will be deprotonated , while the amino group will be protonated yielding the zwitterion form.
Because the amine group of such an amino acid has an extremely high pKa, it will tend to attach a proton and become positively charged at physiological pH (about 7). Similarly, because the acid group seems to have a relatively low pKa, this would tend to transfer its proton towards water around pH 7, appearing negatively charged.
The side chain, amino group, as well as carboxyl backbone would each be protonated (+1 net charge) at a pH less than 2.2 (acidic circumstances). Each of these groups would just be deprotonated at such a pH greater than 9.7 (basic circumstances) (negative 2 net charge).
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how was the molar mass of hydrogen determined to be one gram after one mole of carbon-12 assigned to have a mass of 12 grams
The molar mass of hydrogen was determined to be one gram after one mole of carbon-12 was assigned to have a mass of 12 grams because the mass of one mole of hydrogen was found to be one-twelfth the mass of one mole of carbon-12.
What is the molar mass of an element?The mass in grams of 1 mole of an element (or compound) is known as its molar mass, which is measured in grams per mole (g/mol) units.
Carbon-12 isotope was used as the standard for determining the molar mass of other elements.
One mole of carbon-12 was found to have a mass of 12 g.
Hence, the mass of one mole of other elements was determined by comparing their mass to the mass of one mole of carbon-12.
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One group of compounds produced by humans that are minor components of greenhouse gas are collectively called
A. CBCs. B. CFCs C. PVCs D. DVDs
One group of compounds produced by humans that are minor components of greenhouse gas are collectively called B. CFCs
Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that can trap the sun's heat. The capture of the sun's heat by greenhouse gases can cause the earth's temperature to increase, thus giving various negative effects such as melting polar ice caps, drastic climate change, and rising sea levels.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are gases derived from a mixture of chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms which are very stable. This gas mixture can produce a chemical refrigerant compound called freon which is used in air conditioners and refrigerators. CFCs that turn into carbon dioxide compounds accumulate in the atmosphere and are not absorbed by plant. This causes infrared radiation from the sun to be unable to bounce out of the atmosphere and causes the earth's temperature to rise.
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One group of compounds produced by humans that are minor components of greenhouse gas is collectively called CFCs. Option B is the correct answer.
Chlorofluorocarbons, often shortened into CFCs, are gases that are derived from a mixture of chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), and carbon (C) atoms. They are also commonly known as Freon.
CFCs were typically used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, packing materials, solvents, and mainly as refrigerants. However, ever since the 1990 Montreal Protocol happened, CFCs have been phasing out from their usage in refrigeration, insulation, and fire fighting equipment. Their production also has been banned since 1997 by an EC regulation.
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a plot of PV/RT against Pext gives a lower value than the ideal at moderate pressures and a higher value than the ideal at very high pressures for most gases. select all the statements that correctly account for this behavior
-at low pressures gas particles repel each other
-at very high pressures the molecular volume of the gas particles is significant
-at low temps, the gas particles are moving at slower velocities
-at moderately high pressures there are significant intermolecular attractions
At very high pressures, the molecular volume of the gas particles is significant. At moderately high pressures there are significant intermolecular attractions is the statements that correctly account for this given behavior.
PV = nRT is an equation of states.
There are three variables P, V, and T. They are variables because they give information on a gas's pressure, volume, temperature, and other physical properties in a specific circumstance.
The number of moles (n) can be kept constant while the ideal gas constant (R) can be discovered in chemical literature.
The following is how Moles (n) can be set to PV / RT as follows n = PV / RT. Because pressure (P), which depends on the T/V ratio and is inversely proportional to both T and V, becomes crucial.
Volume (V) is a function of T/P, where T and P are both inversely proportional to V. Temperature (T) requires PV as a prerequisite, which is directly proportional to variations in both P and V.
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To decrease air pollution, a city began limiting the number of air-polluting
particles companies were able to release into the air. The companies
were required to use control devices that catch air-polluting particles.
The companies’ processes were also changed so that the lowest possible
amounts of polluting particles were released.
Tests show that these new city rules have not decreased the levels of acid
rain. Which activity is most likely the reason that implementing these
rules did not reduce acid rain levels?
M. The number of companies in the city has decreased.
P. The number of parks and green spaces in the city has increased.
R. The number of families moving into the city has decreased.
S. The number of automobiles and traffic jams has increased.
Answer: s
Explanation:
A Phenobarbital preparation is prescribed for pediatric use at 3 mg per kilogram of body weight.
How many mg should be given to a child weighing 88 pounds?
Answer:
00 mg/kg/day given IV once daily
Explanation:
SiI4 + Mg --->
1pt : Type of Reaction
1pt : Balanced Equation
2pts : Correct Products
which of the following is the net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid?
The net ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride and hydrochloric acid is H+(aq) + F- (aq) → HF (g)
The Net Ionic Equation for the Reaction between Aqueous Sodium Fluoride and Hydrochloric AcidThe ions in an aqueous solution that are created when chemicals are dissociated are represented by the ionic reaction equation. The cations and anions dissociating from the appropriate molecule or chemical is how the ionic reaction is demonstrated.
The ionic equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium fluoride (NaF) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) is:
NaF(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) +HF(g)
Another way to write it is,
Net ionic equation: H+(aq) + F- (aq) → HF (g)
This is a neutralization reaction, in which an acid (HCl) and a base (NaF) react to form a salt (NaCl) and water (HF). In this case, the hydrogen ion (H+) from the hydrochloric acid reacts with the fluoride ion (F) from the sodium fluoride to form hydrogen fluoride gas (HF), and the sodium and chloride ions remain in solution as the salt sodium chloride (NaCl).
So, the net ionic equation is H+(aq) + F- (aq) → HF (g).
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solvolysis of this bicyclic compound in acetic acid gives a mixture of products. the leaving group is the anion of a sulfonic acid, . a sulfonic acid is a strong acid, and its anion, , is a weak base and a good leaving group. draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in the following step of the reaction mechanism.
The movement of electrons in the following step of the reaction mechanism is given below:
What are three electron-related facts?The particles with negative charges known as electrons revolve around the outside of the nucleus. For scientists, it may be challenging to monitor them because of how quickly they spin. The tiniest particles in an atom, you can put 2000 of them into a proton, they are drawn to the positive ions of the protons.
What is an electron example?The smallest elemental constituent of an atom, the electron has a negative charge Protons and electrons both exist in equal amounts in different atoms. One electron and one proton are all that the hydrogen atom has. the atom of uranium, on however, comprises 92 protons and hence 92 electrons.
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according to nebular theory, the progression from planetesimal to full-fledged planet is propelled mainly by which of the following? A.nuclear fusion B.gravity C.heat D.nucleosynthesis
The fundamental driving force behind the transition of planetesimal to full-fledged planets is gravity.
How far away from nuclear fusion are we?The quest has advanced significantly, but there is still plenty to do. It will need more time and money to develop an industrial fusion reactor, which is still several decades away. Fusion isn't always the sustainable technology of the future; that will be solar, wind, plus nuclear fission. However, it is the technology of the future.
Can the sun continue to undergo nuclear fusion?When light elements as hydrogen combine to create atoms like helium, nuclear fusion takes place. The Sun will run out of hydrogen in its core and lack sufficient material for nuclear fusion in around 5 billion years.
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Question 3
A typical atom has about the same number of
electrons, protons
electrons, neutrons
valence shells, neutrons
protons, valence shells
and
Although this state is frequent, atoms do not always have an equal amount of protons and electrons.
What is an atom if it has the same number of protons and electrons?When protons and electrons are distributed equally across an atom, it is said to be electrically neutral. Ions are atoms that have a different ratio of electrons to protons, or vice versa.The number of protons is the same for all atoms of a given element, but the number of neutrons might vary. A carbon atom, for instance, has six protons and typically six neutrons as well. However, certain carbon atoms have more than the typical six neutrons, such as seven or eight.Atoms of the same element always contain the same number of protons, or the same Z, but frequently differ in the number of neutrons they contain, and consequently, in their mass numbers. In the following chapter, the topic of these atoms' isotopes will be covered in further detail.To learn more about electrons refer to:
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How many moles are found in 133g of Mg3N2? Please show work!
Answer:
Magnesium nitride contains 3 magnesium cations and 2 nitride anions . This means that one mole of magnesium nitride will contain 3 mole of magnesium cations and 2 moles of nitride anions.
Which of the following explains the interactions that occur between the atoms of water molecules and the ions that form when sodium chloride dissolves in water?
hydrogens interact with the chloride ion, oxygens interact with the sodium ion
Water's covalent bonds are more powerful than salt molecules' ionic bonds, so when salt is combined with water, the salt dissolves.
The negatively charged side of the water molecules is drawn to the positively charged sodium ions, whereas the positively charged side is drawn to the negatively charged chloride ions. In essence, a tug-of-war takes place, with the water molecules coming out on top. The ionic link that held sodium and chloride ions together is broken when water molecules force the ions apart.
Both the water molecule and the salt molecule are polar, meaning that the positive and negative charges are located on opposite sides of the molecule. This makes it possible for the salt molecule to dissolve in the water molecule.
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13. You dissolve 0.01 moles of glycine in 1 liter of water. The pkas of glycine are 2.35 and 9.78a. Draw the titration curve in terms of pH vs equivalents of base.b. Draw the titration curve in terms of pOH vs equivalents of base.c. You adjust the pH to 7.0. You then add 0.005 moles of NaOH.Draw the structure(s) of the ionic species of glycine present in the solution and indicate the proportion of eachspecies.4. What is the approximate pH of the solution in part c?e. Would the solution be a good buffer? Explain
The approximate pH of the solution after adding 0.005 moles of NaOH is 9.78, glycine solution will act as a good buffer at this pH because it forms zwitterion.
When the pH is equal to 7 , almost 100% of glycine exists in the zwitterion form. When we add 0.005 moles of NaOH,
0.005 moles of NaOH ⇒ HA equals to 0.005moles and A⁻ also equals to 0.005moles (50%)
pH will be equal to pKa = 9.78.
At the pH = 9,78, both the conjugate base as well as the acid are present in the solution which are able to resist pH changes which can be either by the addition of strong acid or by the addition of strong base. Therefore, in the pH range of 8.6 to 10.6, glycine acts as a very effective buffer.
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An experiment was performed in which an empty 100-mL graduated cylinder was weighed. It was weighed once again after it had been filled to the 10.0-mL mark with dry sand. A 10-mL pipet was used to transfer 10.00 mL of methanol to the cylinder. The sand–methanol mixture was stirred until bubbles no longer emerged from the mixture and the sand looked uniformly wet.
The cylinder was then weighed again. Use the data obtained from this experiment (and displayed at the end of this problem) to find the density of the dry sand, the density of methanol, and the density of sand particles. Does the bubbling that occurs when the methanol is added to the dry sand indicate that the sand and methanol are reacting?
Mass of cylinder plus wet sand 45.2613 g Mass of cylinder plus dry sand 37.3488 g Mass of empty cylinder 22.8317 g Volume of dry sand 10.0 mL Volume of sand methanol 17.6 mL Volume of methanol 10.00 mL
The bubbling is likely due to the methanol displacing the air between the grains of sand, which causes the bubbles to form.
Does the bubbling that occurs when the methanol is added to the dry sand indicate that the sand and methanol are reacting?Density of dry sand = Mass of dry sand/ Volume of dry sand = 37.3488 g/ 10.0 mL = 3.7349 g/mL.Density of methanol = Mass of methanol/ Volume of methanol = (45.2613 g - 37.3488 g)/ 10.00 mL = 0.79125 g/mL.Density of sand particles = Mass of sand particles/ Volume of sand particles = (37.3488 g - 22.8317 g)/ 10.0 mL = 1.4517 g/mL.No, the bubbling that occurs when the methanol is added to the dry sand does not indicate that the sand and methanol are reacting.The data obtained from this experiment can be used to calculate the density of the dry sand, the density of methanol, and the density of sand particles. The density of the dry sand can be calculated by subtracting the mass of the cylinder plus the wet sand from the mass of the cylinder plus the dry sand, and then dividing that number by the volume of dry sand.The density of methanol can be calculated by subtracting the mass of the cylinder plus the wet sand from the mass of the empty cylinder, and then dividing that number by the volume of methanol. The density of sand particles can be calculated by subtracting the mass of the cylinder plus the wet sand from the mass of the cylinder plus the dry sand, and then dividing that number by the volume of sand methanol.The bubbling that occurs when the methanol is added to the dry sand does not indicate that the sand and methanol are reacting. The bubbling is likely due to the methanol displacing the air bubbles in between the particles of sand.To learn more about the density of the dry sand,methanol and sand particles refer to:
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A solution prepared by dissolving 342 mg of a sugar (a molecular compound and a nonelectrolyte) in 1.00 g of water froze at -1.86°C. What is the molar mass of this sugar? The value of Kf is 1.86°C/m.
The molar mass of the sugar according to freezing point depression is 342 g.
What is molar mass?Molar mass of a compound or a molecule is defined as the mass of the elements which are present in it.The molar mass is considered to be a bulk quantity not a molecular quantity. It is often an average of the of the masses at many instances.
The molecular mass and formula mass are used as synonym for the molar mass.It does not depend on the amount of substance which is present in the sample.It has units of gram/mole.
The freezing point depression is related to molar mass as ΔTf= Kf×mass/molar mass×1/mass of solvent in kg .On substitution,molar mass=1.86×342/1.86=342 g.
Thus, the molar mass of sugar is 342 g.
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Which statement about the scientific consensus is true
Answer:
u forgot send the exercise.. try it again
Why is it unreasonable for you to be asked to obtain a sample of 3.01 x 1023 copper atoms in an experiment?
One mole of copper contains 6.02 × 10²³ Cu atoms or formula units. Hence, 3.01 × 10²³copper atoms is half mole of copper.
What is one mole ?One mole of a substance is its amount containing 6.02 × 10²³ atoms or molecules. This number is called Avogadro number. One mole of every elements contains Avogadro number of atoms.
Similarly one mole of every compound contains 6.02 × 10²³ molecules. The mass of one mole of compound is called its molar mass.
Cu is 29th element in periodic table. Cu is a transition metal. One mole of Cu contains 6.02 × 10²³Cu atoms .
Hence number of moles of 3.01 × 10²³copper atoms is:
3.01 × 10²³/ 6.02 × 10²³ = 0.5 moles .
0.5 moles of copper is taken in this experiment. Thus, we have to weigh the sample accordingly.
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The complete orbital notation diagram of an atom is shown.
Seven squares are shown aligned horizontally. Inside the first square from the left is shown one upwards pointing arrow and one downwards pointing arrow. In the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth squares is a pair each of upwards and downwards pointing arrows. The seventh square has a single upwards pointing arrow.
Based on the diagram, what values can be assigned to the magnetic quantum number for the electrons in the atom? What information does this quantum number provide about the location of the electron?
In the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth squares, there is a pair each of upward and downward-pointing arrows, so the magnetic quantum number is -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3.
What is the significance of the magnetic quantum number?The magnetic quantum number, which ranges from -l to +l, provides information about the orientation of the electron's orbital, which is the angular momentum of the electron, and is important as it can be used to specify the exact spatial orientation of an electron's orbital.
Hence, in the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth squares, there is a pair each of upward and downward-pointing arrows, so the magnetic quantum number is -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3.
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Which of the following correctly describe gas law problems? Select all that apply. Check all that apply. An individual gas law can be used to solve problems where more than one variable is unknown. The ideal gas law can be used to solve all gas law problems. The ideal gas law can be used to solve problems where one variable is unknown and the rest are known. All gas law problems require the use of the ideal gas constant R. An individual gas law can be used to solve problems where the change in one variable affects another while two other variables are held constant.
The issue can be resolved by applying a single gas law when two other variables remain constant and one changes. Issues with gas law are accurately described by this statement.
When scientists realized there could be correlations between a sample's pressure, volume, and temperature that would essentially apply to all gases, they developed the gas laws at the end of the 18th century. Given a constant temperature and pressure, the number of gas molecules is directly proportional to the amount of gas in a given volume. While the temperature and volume of the gas are constant, the pressure of the gas is directly influenced by the number of gas molecules present.
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g match each toxic material with its most dangerous property. group of answer choices bromine [ choose ] mercury [ choose ] strong bases [ choose ] formaldehyde [ choose ] cyclic ethers [ choose ]
Toxic material with its most dangerous property:
bromine: corrosive
mercury: neurotoxicity
strong bases: severe skin and eye irritation/burns
formaldehyde: carcinogenicity
cyclic ethers: central nervous system depression.
Bromine is a toxic material that is highly corrosive, which means it can cause damage to the skin and eyes, as well as damage to internal organs if ingested.
Mercury is a toxic metal that is highly neurotoxic, meaning it can damage the nervous system and cause neurological symptoms such as tremors, memory loss, and difficulty walking.
Strong bases, such as lye, can cause severe skin and eye irritation and burns, and can also cause damage to internal organs if ingested.
Formaldehyde is a toxic chemical that is classified as a carcinogen, meaning it has the potential to cause cancer.
Cyclic ethers are a group of chemicals that are known to cause central nervous system depression, which can lead to symptoms such as drowsiness, confusion, and unconsciousness.
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experiment 1: what was the mass of the empty, open 150-ml erlenmeyer flask? note: the sizes of containers in the lab may vary. select the closest answer.
The mass of an empty, open 150-ml Erlenmeyer flask would typically be around 60-70 grams.
The mass of an empty, open 150-ml Erlenmeyer flask can vary depending on several factors. The main factor is the material the flask is made from. If the flask is made of glass, the mass will be relatively consistent across different flasks of the same size, with a typical mass of around 60-70 grams.
However, if the flask is made of plastic, the mass can vary depending on the specific type of plastic and the manufacturing process used. Additionally, the mass of the flask can vary depending on the thickness of the walls and the quality of the manufacturing.
Another factor that can affect the mass of the flask is the presence of any additional features or components, such as a lid or a handle. These additional components can add to the overall mass of the flask.
In summary, the mass of an empty, open 150-ml Erlenmeyer flask can vary depending on the specific flask and the materials it is made from, but typically it weighs around 60-70 grams. Without more information about the specific flask in question, it is difficult to provide an exact mass.
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pyruvate starts with 3 carbon atoms but is converted to acetyl-coa, which has 2 carbon atoms. that missing carbon atom is lost in a molecule of : A. Oxaloacetate B. NADH C. ATP D. FADH2
Answer:
Explanation:
Two pyruvate molecules remain at the end of glycolysis and are still very rich in energy that can be extracted. Although no ATP is directly produced during pyruvate oxidation, it is the next stage in the process of converting the residual energy into ATP
This process happens in the matrix, the mitochondria's deepest chamber, in eukaryotes. It takes place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. Overall, pyruvate oxidation transforms the three-carbon molecule into the two-carbon molecule acetyl CoA CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text, which is attached to Coenzyme A. This results in a NADH NADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text and the release of one carbon dioxide molecule. In the subsequent step of cellular respiration, acetyl CoA CoAstart text, C, o, A, end text serves as fuel for the citric acid cycle.
at which of these scales will granite appear most homogeneous to you? multiple choice question. thin section hand sample cliff face
To determine the mineral content of a rock, one would be most successful at the scale of option B: a thin section.
What is the rock about?A hand specimen is a rock that is large enough to be held in the hand and is typically used for general observations and identification of the rock type. While it is possible to identify some minerals in a hand specimen using a hand lens or microscope, the small size and limited surface area of a hand specimen can make it difficult to obtain a representative sample for detailed mineral analysis.
Therefore, a thin section is a thin slice of rock that is cut with a rock saw and mounted on a glass slide. The rock is then ground down to a thickness of about 30 microns, which is thin enough to be transparent when viewed under a microscope. A thin section allows for a much more detailed examination of the rock, including the identification of minerals and their relationships to one another.
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See full question below
At which of the following scales would you be most successful in determining the mineral content of a rock?
Hand specimen
Thin section
Cliff face
If you have a 51.5 g of a 50.0 cm^3 volume of one of the substances listed in table1.3 which one is it?
Answer: Water at cold temperature
Explanation:
For a single substance at atmospheric pressure, classify the following as describing a spontaneous process, a nonspontaneous process, or an equilibrium system.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
Bins: Spontaneous Process, Nonspontaneous process, and Equilibrium System
1) solid melting below its melting point
2) liquid vaporizing below its boiling point
3) gas condensing below its condensation point
4) solid and liquid together at the melting point with no net freezing or melting
5) liquid vaporizing above its boiling point
6) gas condensing above its condensation point
7) liquid freezing above its freezing point
8) solid melting above its melting point
9) liquid freezing below its freezing point
10) liquid and gas together at the boiling point with no net condensation or vaporization
The matching is as follows:
solid melting below its melting point → nonspontaneous processliquid vaporizing below its boiling point → spontaneous processgas condensing below its condensation point → spontaneous processsolid and liquid together at the melting point with no net freezing or melting → Equilibrium systemliquid vaporizing above its boiling point → spontaneous processgas condensing above its condensation point → spontaneous processliquid freezing above its freezing point → nonspontaneous processsolid melting above its melting point → spontaneous processliquid freezing below its freezing point → spontaneous processliquid and gas together at the boiling point with no net condensation or vaporization → Equilibrium systemSpontaneous processes are processes that occur within the system itself as soon as it is started, no work is needed from outside the system (external work) for the process to continue. On the other hand, nonspontaneous processes will not occur unless external work is continuously applied
The statement above shows that the process that occurs spontaneously occurs in one direction (irreversible). Meanwhile, non-spontaneous reactions occur in the opposite direction (reversible).
It can be said to be in equilibrium, if the rate of the reaction to the right is equal to the rate. The reaction is to the left, so that the ratio of the concentrations of the reactants and products remains the same.
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