The United States suggested a significant decrease in the fleets of the United States, Britain, and Japan under the Harding administration.
In the years following World War I, Harding led the nation. Republican from Ohio, Harding served as president from the middle of the 1890s through 1932, when his party was mostly in control of politics in the country. Vice President Calvin Coolidge succeeded him after his death from what seemed to be a heart attack.
The United States had one of the largest armies and the greatest fleets after the end of World War I. Harding and his successors oversaw the navy and army's disarming because there was no significant threat to the United States itself.
The naval reduction was based on a policy of parity with Britain, while the army reduction was to 140,000 men. In an effort to stop an arms race, Senator William Borah succeeded in getting a senate resolution passed that called for a 50% decrease in the size of the British Navy, the Japanese Navy, and the American Navy. With the support of Congress, Harding and Hughes started making plans to host a naval disarmament conference in Washington. Representatives from the United States, Japan, Britain, France, Italy, China, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal attended the Washington Naval Conference in November 1921. The crucial suggestion was made by Secretary of State Hughes, who assumed a leading position in the conference and stated that the U.S. would cut its warships by 30 if Great Britain deactivated 19 ships and Japan decommissioned 17 ships. Hughes sank more ships in 35 minutes than all of the world's admirals combined have sunk over the course of centuries, according to a conference reporter.
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United States history
Around 15,000 BC, when the first people entered the Americas, the history of the regions that would eventually become the United States began.
What was the history of USA?Around 15,000 BC, when the first people entered the Americas, the history of the regions that would eventually become the United States began. Many indigenous civilizations emerged, and many of them underwent changes in the 16th century away from densely populated lifestyles and toward reformed polities elsewhere. Thirteen American colonies rose up in rebellion against Great Britain during the American Revolution, which led to the creation of the United States. The U.S. Constitution established a new government following the war's conclusion. By ratifying the Constitution, each of these 13 colonies turned into the first 13 states.In 1607, Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was established.July 4, 1776 saw the signing of the Declaration of Independence.Written in 1787, the United States Constitution.In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France.To learn more about history of USA refer to:
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Why did Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts redraw the congressional districts in his state
Answer:
Elbridge Gerry, who was the governor of Massachusetts in 1812, redrew the state's congressional districts in a way that benefited his own party, the Democratic-Republican Party. The redistricting was done in a manner that created a district that was shaped like a salamander, which earned it the nickname "gerrymander."
The redistricting was done in order to give the Democratic-Republicans an advantage in the upcoming elections by creating a district that would ensure the party's victory in a majority of the state's districts.
This practice of manipulating district boundaries for political gain is now known as gerrymandering and it is still a controversial issue today. The Supreme court of the United States have been dealing with the cases of gerrymandering and have made some rules which could be used to measure if the gerrymandering is constitutional or not.
which european country relied on powerful corporations for colonization? england spain france holland
They are all connected by oceanic ridges where fresh ocean bottom is produced and stretches apart holland.
Not all of them are near the tectonic plate boundaries. The Mid Indian Ocean Ridge and the Atlantic Mod Ocean Ridge are not near the edges of tectonic plates. Oceanic or ridges might not be precisely at the center of a tectonic plate. They CREATE the tectonic forces to which even some or a portion of the ocean is subject.
A global network of low mountains with lines of volcanic activity running along their crests is almost fully submerged under the water. The mid-ocean ridges were given a prominent place in the new theory of plate tectonics immediately after colonization their global extent was realized in the middle of the 20th century.
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What is the purpose of this section of the US Constitution?
to limit the powers of the representatives
to establish rules for electing representatives to Congress
to explain how the representatives of government will make laws
to show how the three branches of representatives will work together
Answer=B
The purpose of this section of the US Constitution is to establish rules for electing representatives to Congress. The correct option is (B).
What do you mean by the US Constitution?The Constitution outlines the three main federal government branches and their respective responsibilities. It also specifies the fundamental legislation of the United States federal government.
It is the oldest written national constitution still in use and has come to represent Western legal precedent.
Because of his crucial contribution to the drafting and ratification of the Constitution, James Madison is referred to as its "Father." The first ten amendments, or the Bill of Rights, were also written by Madison.
Therefore, the purpose of this section of the US Constitution is to establish rules for electing representatives to Congress.
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Answer:
it’s B,
to establish rules for electing representatives to Congress.
Explanation:
I did it and got it right
Alfred Marshall stated, "Thus, it is on one side the study of wealth Links to an external site.; and on the other, and more important side, a part of the study of man." What does this quote mean to you? Do you agree with this quote? Why or why not?
RESPOND IN 5 SENTENCES
He contends that wealth is merely a means to an aim—the welfare of people—rather than an end in itself. According to Marshall, economics is "part of the study of man on the one hand, and on the other side, a study of riches on the other."
Who was Alfred Marshall?One of the most well-known economists of his era was an Englishman named Alfred Marshall FBA. For many years, England's standard economics textbook was taken from his book Principles of Economics.
It created a coherent whole out of the concepts of supply and demand, marginal utility, and production costs.
According to Marshall's statement in The Principle of Economics, "the excess of price which he would be ready to pay over that which he actually pays, is the economic measure of this surplus satisfaction."
Therefore, He contends that wealth is merely a means to an aim—the welfare of people—rather than an end in itself. According to Marshall, economics is "part of the study of man on the one hand, and on the other side, a study of riches on the other."
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the administration of lyndon johnson led to increased federal funding more programs. this is an example of what stage of federalism?
The administration of Lyndon Johnson led to an increase in federal funding for more programs, which is an example of cooperative federalism.
Cooperative federalism is when the federal government and the states work together to achieve a common goal. This type of federalism is characterized by a sharing of powers and responsibilities between the federal and state governments, with the federal government providing funding for programs operated by the state governments.
In the United States, cooperative federalism has been a major part of the government since the New Deal era, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt used government programs to help alleviate the effects of the Great Depression. During the Johnson administration, federal funding was increased for numerous programs in order to help support the state governments, which helped to create a system of cooperative federalism.
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according to armstrong, what was one of the major innovations of islam within the context of 7th-century arabian society?
One of the major innovations of Islam within the 7th-century Arabian society was the introduction of a new social order based on equality and justice. Islam brought a new emphasis on individual responsibility and accountability.
It also brought an emphasis on communal solidarity and cohesion. It also provided a system of laws and regulations that protected the rights of individuals and provided them with legal recourse if their rights were violated.
Additionally, Islam provided a strong sense of identity, belonging, and purpose to its adherents, which gave them a sense of security and stability in their lives. Islam also introduced a new concept of divine justice and mercy, which put an end to the cruel and arbitrary punishments meted out by the pre-Islamic tribal system.
Finally, Islam provided a system of ethics and morality that guided the behavior of its followers and created a foundation for a just and equitable society.
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What greased the world economy?
Advances in technology, have led to increased productivity and efficiency in many industries
Globalization and the increased interconnectedness of economies around the world, which has led to greater trade and investment flows
What is the world economy?Generally, It is likely that you are asking about factors that have contributed to the growth and development of the global economy. Some key factors that have played a role in this include:
Economic policies and monetary policies implemented by governments and central banks, such as low-interest rates and stimulus spending
The development of new industries, such as the technology and service sectors.
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How were the transportation of goods, resources, and ideas improved by the creations of James Watt, Robert Fulton, and Robert Stephenson?
Answer:
Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines.
Explanation:
Eventually, he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion, greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water.
Some dismiss the story as a myth, but James Watt went on to carry out many laboratory experiments using a kettle as a boiler to generate steam. His improvements to the steam engine sparked the Industrial Revolution, altered economies and laid the tracks for seismic social change.
Robert Fulton designed and operated the world's first commercially successful steamboat. Fulton's Clermont made its historic first run in August 1807 on the Hudson River.However, Fulton did invent the first commercially successful steamboat and brought the technology of steam power to the rivers of the United States. Fulton's steam boats helped to power the Industrial Revolution by moving goods and people throughout the United States during the 1800s.
When he returned his father was building the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, and Robert developed the steam locomotive Rocket that won the Rainhill Trials in 1829.His expertise in both civil and mechanical engineering established the concept of the railway which developed in this country, and was then exported to the world. Robert Stephenson, the only son of George Stephenson was born on 16 October 1803.
:)
A the creation of a federal commission to insure fair employment practices.
B an investigation into federal spending on civil rights cases.
C a nationwide study comparing education in different states.
D the repeal of portions of the Fifteenth Amendment on voting rights.
The VII of the Civil Rights Act help A the creation of a federal commission to insure fair employment practices.
How has the federal government promoted ethical hiring procedures?On June 25, 1941, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, often known as the Fair Employment Act. The directive outlawed racial discrimination in all government organizations, unions, and businesses that performed work for the war. In order to verify that the decree was followed, the Fair Employment Practices Commission was also founded.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) on July 2, 1965, with the mission to "ensure equality of opportunity by vigorously enforcing federal legislation prohibiting discrimination in employment," particularly discrimination based on religion.
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complete question :
What was VII of the Civil Rights Act?
For this assignment, you will write a one-paragraph response to this question: Does
voting matter? To complete the assignment, follow these steps:
Yes, voting matters because the elected representatives made laws for us. If the right people were chosen through voting then they will work for the welfare of the people.
What is voting?Voting is a method by which a group, such as a meeting or an electorate, can engage to make a collective decision or express an opinion usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns. Democracies elect holders of high office by voting. Residents of a jurisdiction represented by an elected official are called constituents, and the constituents who choose to cast a ballot for their chosen candidate are called voters.
There are different systems for collecting votes, but many of the systems used in decision-making can also be used as electoral systems.
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which level of government has the greatest level of responsibility for providing trash, police, and fire protection services for its residents?
The Municipal Government has the greatest level of responsibility for providing trash, police, and fire protection services for its residents. Thus, option C is correct.
Municipal government is described as the administration of organised population centres such as cities, and in most cases, this correlates to the census's geographic location.
A municipal government is the name for the administration of a city, town, or hamlet. Local services, such as fire protection, city streets, and recreational facilities, are under the control of this level of government (parks and community centres).
Along with the fire, they are in charge of providing the trash service, the police, and the upkeep of the house.
The complete question is-
Which level of government has the greatest level of responsibility for providing trash, police, and fire protection services for its residents?
Question options:
A) state B) federal C) municipal D) district
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how did the british change their strategy for governing native peoples during and immediately after pontiac's war?
Even though the conflict ended in a stalemate after two years of intense fighting, the British Empire was forced to reconsider its policy toward Native Americans, ultimately recognizing Indigenous autonomy.
ABOUT PONTIAC WARBeginning in 1754, the French & Indian War saw the clash of British and French troops as both sides worked to expand their empires in North America. While France initially won several initial encounters such as the Battle of Monongahela (1755) and Carillon (1758), England finally gained the upper hand after victories at Louisbourg (1758), Quebec (1759), and Montreal (1760). Although fighting in Europe continued until 1763, troops under General Jeffery Amherst immediately began work to consolidate British control over New France (Canada) and the lands to the west known as the payoff.
Comprising parts of present-day Michigan, Ontario, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, the tribes in this region had largely allied with the French during the war. Although the British made peace with the tribes around the Great Lakes as well as those in the States of Ohio and Illinois, relations remained strained.
These tensions were exacerbated by policies implemented by Amherst which worked to treat Native Americans as conquered peoples rather than equals and neighbours. Not believing that the Native Americans could put up any meaningful resistance to British forces, Amherst reduced the frontier garrisons and began removing ritual gifts that he saw as blackmail. He also began to restrict and block the sale of gunpowder and weapons. This latter act caused particular difficulties because it limited the ability of Native Americans to hunt for food and furs. Although the head of the India Department, Sir William Johnson, repeatedly advised against these policies, Amherst was adamant in their implementation.
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1. Which of the following best describes the causes of World War I?
O
A. Germany controlled most the of economic trade in Europe and would not allow
countries like France and Great Britain to expand their economies.
B. Intense national rivalries between powers exploded after the assassination of a
key political figure.
C. The European powers had openly fought with their militaries over control of a
number of overseas colonies, including China.
D. The interests of the United States as a growing imperial power were threatened,
so the U.S. signed a treaty of alliance with Great Britain.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
I think it's A because of the other world wars. Most world wars started because of Germany
The United States has a mixed, predominantly capitalist economy. What are a few high points and a low points of a personal experience in this type of economy?
Based on the concept of capitalism, the few high points of a capitalist economy include less friction in the economy, while the low points include bad for low-skilled workers.
What is Capitalist Economy?Capitalist Economy is a term that is used to describe the kind of economic system whereby private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society.
Other high points of the capitalist economy are the following:People are allowed to accumulate wealthLower tax rates compared to other political regimesIndividual performance is valuedCapitalism encourages competitionThe efficiency of markets is maximizedOther low points of the capitalist economy are the following:Capitalism leads to an excessive focus on consumptionIt may lead to more homelessnessIt may lead to insufficient welfareIt may increase the income and wealth gapHence, in this case, it is concluded that there are high points and low points in a capitalist economy.
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1. How did aspects of compliance relate to Zimbardo's experiment?
Aspects of compliance relate to Zimbardo's experiment because even if the social role goes against their moral values, people readily submit to it.
How does Zimbardo's experiment relate to various facets of conformity?
Zimbardo came to the conclusion that despite the social roles conflicting with their moral principles, people readily comply to them. Furthermore, given that none of the subjects had ever previously displayed these behaviours, he came to the conclusion that situational conditions were mostly to blame for the behaviour observed.
What kind of conformance did Zimbardo's experiment employ?
According to Zimbardo, the Stanford Prison Experiment heavily relied on both informational and normative conformity. High levels of ambiguity and uncertainty frequently result in informative conformity.
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why did the revolutionary state constitutions place a heavy emphasis on separation of powers? (select all answer choices that apply)
The founders of the Revolutionary States placed such an emphasis on the separation of powers in their constitutions because they had learned from:
British rule to distrust governments that were dominated by either the executive or the judiciary. It was also seen as essential to ensure the preservation of liberty.In order to protect and promote individual freedom, the founders of the Revolutionary States believed it was necessary to limit the power of government and to ensure that no one branch of government could gain too much control.
The separation of powers was seen as a key way to ensure that different branches of the government could check and balance each other, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful. This would help to ensure that the government was more accountable and responsive to the people it was meant to serve.
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Complete question:
Why did the revolutionary state constitutions place a heavy emphasis on separation of powers?
-British rule had taught them to disdain government that is dominated by the executive and/or judicial branches-It was viewed as necessary for preserving liberty.DETERMINE MEANING How does Jefferson use the words necessary and convenient, and how does
he refine the meanings of these words in this text?
Harburg was relieved when the crash occurred because:____.a. it allowed him to become a man of leisure who did not have to work anymore. b. it forced him out of his comfort zone and into a brand new environment. c. it was easier to write songs about the depression than about prosperity. d. it gave him the opportunity to develop and profit from his creativity.
Harburg was relieved when the accident happened because it freed him from having to work and made him a man of leisure. It also forced him out of his comfort zone and into a new environment, making it easier to write songs about the Depression than about prosperity.
E.Y. Harburg, full name Edgar Yipsel Harburg, was a U.S. lyricist, producer, and director. He was born on April 8, 1896/98, in New York, New York, and died on March 5, 1981, in Hollywood, California. Together with Ira Gershwin, Yip" Harburg attended the City College of New York. He devoted himself to Broadway songwriting after his electrical appliance business went bankrupt in 1929, composing songs like "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?" ( alongside Jay Gorney). From 1935 on, Harburg and Harold Arlen wrote songs for a lot of movies, including "The Wizard of Oz." Harburg returned to Broadway to write musicals, most notably Finian's Rainbow (1947;) after being banned from films for his political views. with Lane Burton). Over the Rainbow, "April in Paris," and "It's Only a Paper Moon" are among his most well-known songs.
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what colony did williams found after he was banished from massachusetts?
In October 1635, he was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony by the General Court.
After leaving Massachusetts, Williams, with the assistance of the Narragansett tribe, established a settlement at the junction of two rivers near Narragansett Bay, located in present-day Rhode Island.
Martin Luther King earned his Ph.d. in systematic theology from what university?
Boston University, Martin Luther King, Jr. went on to complete his doctoral studies in systematic theology at the graduate school of Boston University after graduating from Crozer Theological Seminary in 1951.
Martin Luther King, Jr. went on to complete his doctoral studies in systematic theology at Boston University's graduate school after graduating from Crozer Theological Seminary in 1951. King's growing interest in personalism, a philosophy that emphasizes the necessity of personal religious experience in understanding God, influenced his desire to attend Boston University. Edgar S. Brightman and L. Harold DeWolf, two of the nation's leading personalist theologians, taught at Boston University and contributed to the development of King's theory. In his graduate application, King mentioned that Crozer professor and Boston University alum Raymond Bean's "great influence over me has turned my eyes toward his former school" (Papers 1:390). King was primarily guided by Brightman and DeWolf at Boston University. King also took classes on the history of philosophy, studying the writings of Reinhold Niebuhr, Alfred North Whitehead, Plato, and Hegel, to broaden his knowledge. King's dissertation, titled "A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman," was the culmination of his time at Boston University. King was interested in Tillich and Wieman's denial of both the personality of God and the possibility of personal knowledge of God, despite the fact that he had not studied them before. This was very different from his earlier studies of personalism.
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Match each number to their person
Andrew Jackson:
Martin Van Buren:
William Henry Harrison:
John Tyler:
James Polk:
Fact Bank
1. used "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too as a
campaign slogan
2. vetoed bills sponsored by his own
political party
3. took a laissez-faire approach to the
economy
4. elected President in 1844 as a Democrat
5. received 56% of the popular vote in the
1832 election
6. hero of War of 1812
John Tyler
James Polk
7. After his inauguration, the Panic of 1837
struck the economy.
8. vetoed bill to renew the Bank of the
United States in 1832
9. first President to take office following
the death of an elected President
10. first Whig candidate to be elected
President
11. withdrew government deposits from
the Bank of the United States
12. died four weeks after his inauguration
Answer:
Andrew Jackson:
6. hero of War of 1812
vetoed bill to renew the Bank of the United States in 1832
withdrew government deposits from the Bank of the United States
Martin Van Buren:
7. After his inauguration, the Panic of 1837 struck the economy.
William Henry Harrison:
used "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too" as a campaign slogan
first Whig candidate to be elected President
died four weeks after his inauguration
John Tyler:
9. first President to take office following the death of an elected President
James Polk:
4. elected President in 1844 as a Democrat
received 56% of the popular vote in the 1832 election
took a laissez-faire approach to the economy
Please note that some events may not be accurate as my training dataset had a cut-off date.
In what way did China influence Japanese culture provide specific examples
felt their grievances were not
addressed. As a result, their desire to
become independent from Great Britain
was growing stronger.
A. People in the American colonies
B. Many of the British citizens
C. Many of the Red Coats
A. People in the American colonies felt their grievances were not addressed. As a result, their desire to become independent from Great Britain was growing stronger.
Why did the American colonies want independence ?Many of the colonists were angry because they had no kind of self-government. The implication was that they were powerless to rule themselves and make their own rules. They were have to pay hefty taxes, the king said. They felt their taxes were being paid to an unrepresentative government.
The American colonists thought their protests had gone unheard. As a result, they were growing more eager to leave Great Britain and this was what led to the American Revolution which would engulf the colonies.
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This is just an answer to a question I couldnt find here. You can claim the points any answer works for me :)
What was the state of the war in Europe in 1943?
A. The Axis powers had turned the tide of the war in their favor.
B. The Allies had turned the tide of the war in their favor.
C. The Allies had forced a German surrender and were moving against Italy.
D. The Axis powers had forced a Soviet surrender and were moving against France.
B is THE CORRECT ANSWER!!!!
The United States stayed out of the war when it first started in 1914. The fall of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Turkey was influenced by World War I.
History records that the World War I (WWI), which lasted from 1914 through 1918, was sparked by the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at the Saravejo on June 28, 1914. Some historians, however, contend that his passing was only one of the causes of the war. They said that tension had been building in Europe for years due to alliances between European countries, including the Ottoman Empire, Russia, and other parties, as well as the instability in the Balkans, which threatened to undermine the existing agreements. Only the murder of Franz Ferdinand began a swiftly spiraling series of events that began with Austria-Hungary preparing for war. The fall of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Turkey was influenced by World War I.
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What do you think the photographer wants you to notice? To think? To feel?
• What choices has he or she made in taking the picture for example, in lighting or the placement of the camera--that convey a point of view?
Whose idea was it to take this picture? Who do you think paid for it?
Making pictures that fulfill and excite you emotionally is necessary. More emotion will be conveyed to viewers by your photographs if you add more emotion to them.
What is a photograph?Any image created by light striking a photosensitive surface, such as photographic film or an electronic image sensor like a CCD or CMOS chip, is referred to as a photograph. It can also be called a picture, image, or a photo. Most pictures today are taken using a smartphone or camera, which uses a lens to focus the scene's visible light wavelengths into an exact duplicate of what the human eye would see. The art and science of creating these images called photography. The first ever permanent photograph was made in 1822 using the bitumen-based "heliography" technique developed by Nicéphore Niépce. It was a contact-exposed copy of an etching. In 1829, Niépce and Louis Daguerre established a partnership, and the two worked together to create a comparable but superior method.
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Which countries sought control of North America during the Seven Years War?
Answer:
France and Britain
Explanation:
i got it right
What was the relationship of the shogun to the emperor throughout the Tokugawa period?
1. He was prime minister and second in command.
2. The shogun was the real leader and the emperor was ceremonial
3. The shogun remained isolated in a palace while the emperor ruled.
4. The shogunate was dissolved by the emperor during this period.
Answer: Its numbah 2
Explanation:During the Tokugawa period (1603-1867), the shogun held the highest military and political power in Japan, while the emperor's role was mainly ceremonial. The shogunate, or the military government headed by the shogun, controlled the country, while the emperor was a figurehead with limited power. The shogunate maintained strict control over the daimyos, powerful regional lords, and used a complex system of social classes and government bureaucracy to govern the country. The emperor remained in the imperial capital of Kyoto and had little practical power or influence over the shogunate's decisions.
which right-wing pressure group was founded by robert welch junior in 1958?
American businessman, political activist, and conspiracist Robert Henry Winborne Welch Jr. After retiring from the confectionery industry, he amassed riches and utilized them to support anti-communist organizations. In 1958, he co-founded the John Birch Society (JBS), an extreme right-wing political advocacy organization in the United States, and he maintained tight control over it up until his passing.
The John Birch Society (JBS) is a right-wing political advocacy organization in the United States. It was established in 1958, is anti-communist, advocates social conservatism, and is linked to libertarian, far-right, or radical right ideologies.
Businessman Robert W. Welch Jr. (1899-1985), the founder of the society, created a network of national chapters in December 1958. As its membership and influence grew swiftly, the group generated controversy because it supported conspiracies.
The John Birch Society, which had its first headquarters in Belmont, Massachusetts, currently has regional chapters all across the country and is situated in Grand Chute, Wisconsin, an enclave of Appleton, Wisconsin. It is the owner of American Opinion Publishing, the company that puts out The New American.
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what role did town meetings play in the new england colonies during the period of salutary neglect?
These neighborhood gatherings and town meetings played a bigger significance during the Salutary Neglect era. During the Glorious Revolution, the English government began to reduce its political control over the colonies during this time, as long as England continued to get the economic benefits.
By negotiating with non-British entities, the American colonies were able to prosper and spend their money on British-made goods while also giving Britain access to raw materials for manufacturing. The British government played a smaller role in overseeing the American colonies during this time. Inadvertently fueling the American Revolution was the British government's policy of benevolent neglect of the American colonies.
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Answer:
A. They allowed colonists to vote directly on important issues.
Explanation:
A. They allowed colonists to vote directly on important issues.
B. Colonists accused of crimes were tried before British representatives.
C. Royal governors issued new decrees and laws at the meetings.
D. The Sons of Liberty used them to plan the American Revolution.