compare simple feedback to feedforward control configuration. which one you trust to perform better in achieving your control objective? Why?

If this reaction happened and produced 47 g of water, it would also produce 92 grams of carbon dioxide.

Eight moles of CO2 are created for every ten moles of water. Based on the quantity of water created, we can use this ratio to determine the amount of CO2 produced:

Moles of H2O are equal to the mass of H2O divided by the molar mass of H2O, which is 18.015 g/mol.

moles of CO2 = (8/10) * moles of H2O moles of CO2 = (8/10) * 2.61 mol = 2.09 mol moles of H2O = 47 g / 18.015 g/mol = 2.61 mol

Ultimately, mass of CO2 is calculated as moles of CO2 times the molar mass of CO2, where the molar mass of CO2 is 44.01 g/mol.

Hence, 91.8 ≈ 92 grams of carbon dioxide would result from the process.

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The best definition of crustal deformation is that it is the constructive force that is the result of the edges of Earth's crust pushing and pulling against each other.

Crustal deformation refers to the changes in the shape, position, and orientation of the Earth's crust due to the forces acting on it.

These forces can be compressional, tensional, or shear, and they cause the crust to buckle, fold, fault, and uplift.

Crustal deformation can result in the formation of new landforms, such as mountains, valleys, and plateaus, and can also cause earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

Thus, the best definition of crustal deformation is that it is the constructive force that is the result of the edges of Earth's crust pushing and pulling against each other.

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A) Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 --> PbSO4 + 2NaNO3

B) Moles = gms/molecular weight

C) All of the lead nitrate is consumed. This leaves some unreacted sodium sulfate as well as the product sodium nitrate.

Saltpeter (saltpetre), nitrate of potassium, and nitre are some of its popular names. It is used in the manufacture of nitric acid, model rocket propellants, and several kinds of fireworks. It also serves as a dietary preservative and manure.

1.5 / (331.2) = 1.5/331 = 0.0045 mol lead nitrate

125 mL = 0.125L of sodium sulfate

0.1M means 0.1 moles / L

Therefore 0.125L x 0.1 moles/L = 0.0125 mol sodium sulfate

The reagent with lowest moles is limiting agent. here Lead nitrate is having lower moles compared to sodium sulfate so lead nitrate is limiting agent.

C) All of the lead nitrate is consumed. This leaves some unreacted sodium sulfate as well as the product sodium nitrate.

0.0125-0.0045=0.008 moles sodium sulfate will remain

the sodium nitrate forms at a 2:1 ratio, so 0.0125*2 = 0.025 mol of sodium nitrate formed.

The three ions then are:

SO42-, Na+ , NO3-

There is 0.008 mol of SO42- in solution

There is 0.025 mol of NO3- in solution

There is 0.008 x 2 + 0.025 = 0.041 mol of Na+ in solution

by assuming that the volume change is negligible  Therefore the total volume remains constant at 125 mL = 0.125 L

0.008 / 0.125 = 0.064M SO42-

0.025/ 0.125 = 0.2M NO3-

0.041 / 0.125 = 3.28 M Na+

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0.125L of sodium sulfate is the concentration of SO₂⁴⁻ ion that remain in solution after the reaction is complete.

A) Pb(NO₃)² + Na₂SO₄ --> PbSO₄ + 2NaNO₃

B) Moles = grams/molecular weight

C) All of the lead nitrate is consumed. This leaves some unreacted sodium sulfate as well as the product sodium nitrate.

Saltpeter (saltpetre), nitrate of potassium, and nitre are some of its popular names. It is used in the manufacture of nitric acid, model rocket propellants, and several kinds of fireworks. It also serves as a dietary preservative and manure.

                   1.5 / (331.2)

                     = 1.5/331 = 0.0045 mol lead nitrate

125 mL = 0.125L of sodium sulfate

0.1M means 0.1 moles / L

Therefore 0.125L x 0.1 moles/L = 0.0125 mol sodium sulfate

The reagent with lowest moles is limiting agent. here Lead nitrate is having lower moles compared to sodium sulfate so lead nitrate is limiting agent.

C) All of the lead nitrate is consumed. This leaves some unreacted sodium sulfate as well as the product sodium nitrate.

                              0.0125-0.0045=0.008 moles

sodium sulfate will remain the sodium nitrate forms at a 2:1 ratio, so 0.0125*2 = 0.025 mol of sodium nitrate formed.

The three ions then are:

                              SO₄²⁻, Na⁺ , NO₃⁻

There is 0.008 mol of SO₄²⁻ in solution

There is 0.025 mol of NO₃⁻ in solution

There is 0.008 x 2 + 0.025 = 0.041 mol of Na⁺ in solution , by assuming that the volume change is negligible  Therefore the total volume remains constant at 125 mL = 0.125 L

                   0.008 / 0.125 = 0.064M SO₄²⁻

                         0.025/ 0.125 = 0.2M NO₃⁻

                          0.041 / 0.125 = 3.28 M Na⁺

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Answer:

The given chemical equation is:

I^- + S ==> S^-2 + I^2

To balance the reduction half-reaction of this equation, we need to identify which species is undergoing reduction, i.e., which species is gaining electrons. In this case, sulfur (S) is being reduced to sulfide (S^-2), so the reduction half-reaction involves sulfur.

The unbalanced reduction half-reaction is:

S ==> S^-2

To balance this half-reaction, we need to add electrons (e^-) to the left-hand side to balance the charge. The number of electrons added should be equal to the difference in oxidation states of sulfur between the reactant and product sides of the equation. In this case, sulfur is going from an oxidation state of 0 to -2, so it is gaining two electrons. The balanced reduction half-reaction is:

S + 2 e^- ==> S^-2

Therefore, the balanced reduction half-reaction of the given chemical equation is:

S + 2 e^- ==> S^-2

Explanation:

To solve this problem, we need to use stoichiometry, which is the study of the relationships between reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

The balanced equation for the reaction between Na2O and NaOH is:

Na2O + 2H2O → 2NaOH

From this equation, we can see that 1 mole of Na2O produces 2 moles of NaOH.

First, we need to find the number of moles of Na2O in 1.2x10^24 particles:

1.2x10^24 particles of Na2O / 6.022x10^23 particles/mol = 1.99 mol of Na2O

Next, we can use the mole ratio between Na2O and NaOH to find the number of moles of NaOH produced:

1.99 mol Na2O × (2 mol NaOH / 1 mol Na2O) = 3.98 mol NaOH

Finally, we can use the molar mass of NaOH to convert the number of moles to grams:

3.98 mol NaOH × 40.00 g/mol = 159 g NaOH

Therefore, 1.2x10^24 particles of Na2O will produce 159 grams of NaOH.

The 20Δ heat is released when 4.00 mol iron is reacted with excess O 2, 12Δ heat is released when 1.00 mol Fe 2 O3 is produced, 7Δ heat is released when 1.00 g iron is reacted with excess O 2.

What is reaction ?

A chemical reaction is the transformation of one or more chemicals, known as reactants, into one or more new compounds, known as products. The change in concentration of any of the reactants or products per unit of time can be used to determine the rate or speed of a reaction. It is determined by the equation rate=time + concentration.

What is exothermic reaction ?

The exothermic reaction is spreading or eliminating energy to the surroundings. It is the reaction where the energy is released in the state of energy or heat. The reaction which releases heat is called an exothermic reaction; in simple words, it can state like that. In this reaction, the temperature will increase.

Therefore, 20Δ heat is released when 4.00 mol iron is reacted with excess O 2, 12Δ heat is released when 1.00 mol Fe 2 O3 is produced, 7Δ heat is released when 1.00 g iron is reacted with excess O 2.

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Mg(s) + 2H⁺ → Mg²⁺(aq) + H₂.To obtain the overall reaction, we sum the two half-reactions and omit the similar species in the reactants and products sides.We have two reactions: oxidation reaction:Mg(s) → Mg²⁺(aq) + 2e.Reduction reaction:2H⁺ + 2e → H₂. So, we add the two half-reactios and obtain the overall reaction:Mg(s) + 2H⁺ → Mg²⁺(aq) + H₂.

A chemical equation's generic form is:Products Reactants.In a chemical equation, the reactants are the materials that are present before the reaction begins, and the byproducts are indeed the chemicals that are created during the reaction.

The chemical reaction rate is calculated by dividing the change that occurs in a reactant's or product's concentration by the coefficient from the equation's balanced state.

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The percent composition of sodium chloride can be calculated using the formula: Percent composition x 100%. In this case, the percent composition of chloride in sodium chloride is 66.60%, as given in the problem.

Percent composition of an element in a compound can be determined experimentally by performing a decomposition reaction and measuring the masses of the elements produced.

By using the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the original compound can be determined, and the percent composition of the element can be calculated.

Percent composition is an important concept in chemistry as it provides information about the relative abundance of elements in a compound. It can be used to calculate the empirical formula of a compound, which is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms present.

The percent composition can also be used to predict the properties and behavior of a compound, such as its solubility and reactivity.

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The volume that the dry hydrogen would occupy at STP is 2.72 L.

To find the volume of dry hydrogen gas at STP, we need to use the ideal gas law equation:

PV = nRT

Where

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas generated in the experiment. To do this, we can use the following equation:

n = PV/RT

Where

First, we need to convert the temperature from Celsius to Kelvin:

T = 20°C + 273.15 = 293.15 K

The vapor pressure of water at 20°C is 2.34 kPa, so the total pressure is:

P = atmospheric pressure + vapor pressure of water

= 98.60 kPa + 2.34 kPa

= 100.94 kPa

Now we can calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas:

n = PV/RT

= (100.94 kPa)(2.58 L)/(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(293.15 K)

= 0.113 mol

Next, we can use the ideal gas law to find the volume of dry hydrogen gas at STP. At STP, the pressure is 1 atm and the temperature is 273.15 K.

PV = nRT

V = nRT/P

= (0.113 mol)(0.0821 L·atm/mol·K)(273.15 K)/(1 atm)

= 2.72 L

Therefore, the volume that the dry hydrogen would occupy at STP is 2.72 L.

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Boyle's law is a fundamental principle in physics that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas, when temperature and the number of particles are kept constant.

It states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume, meaning that if the volume of a gas decreases, its pressure will increase, and if the volume of a gas increases, its pressure will decrease.

1)

P1V1 = P2V2

P2 = P1V1/V2

P2 = 1 * 1000/473

P2 = 2.1 atm

2)

V2 = P1V1/P2

V2 = 1 * 2/6 * 10^4

V2 = 3.3 * 10^-5 L

3) V2 = P1V1/P2

V2 = 2 * 10^6 * 1 * 10^-5/0.275

V2 = 72.7 L

4)

V2 = P1V1/P2

V2 = 3.04 * 10^4 * 10/150

V2 = 2027 L

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The formula for the compound oxygen pentafluoride is OF5

Oxygen pentafluoride (OF5) is a chemical compound composed of one oxygen atom and five fluorine atoms. It is a pale yellow gas that is highly reactive and an oxidizing agent. It can be synthesized by reacting fluorine gas with an excess of oxygen gas, and is commonly used as a fluorinating agent in organic chemistry reactions. Because of its reactivity and potential hazards, oxygen pentafluoride is handled and stored with great care.

Oxygen pentafluoride (OF5) is a highly reactive and polar gas with the following characteristics:

Therefore, OF5 is commonly used as a fluorinating agent in organic chemistry reactions due to its ability to transfer fluorine atoms to other molecules.

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There are 3.14805 moles of NaCl in 0.805 liters of 3.91 M solution of NaCl.

Sodium chloride, is a mineral substance that is a member of the broader group of substances known as ionic salts.

To calculate the total number of moles of solute in a solution, we use the formula: moles of solute = molarity x volume in liters

It is given the volume of the solution as 0.805 liters and the molarity as 3.91 M for NaCl.

moles of NaCl = 3.91 M x 0.805 L

moles of NaCl = 3.14805 moles

Therefore, there are 3.14805 moles of NaCl in 0.805 liters of a 3.91 M solution of NaCl.

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They are equations that describe chemical processes using chemical formulae and symbols. In a chemical equation, the reactants are represented on the left and the products are represented on the right.

Chemical equations are symbols and chemical formulas that describe a chemical process symbolically. With a plus symbol separating the entities in both the reactants and the products and an arrow pointing in the direction of the products to indicate the orientation of the reaction, the reactant entities are given on the left and the product entities are given on the right.

Chemical formulations can be combined, structural (represented by pictures), or both. The exact amounts of the stoichiometric numbers are shown as coefficients next to the symbols and formulations of the various entities. Jean Beguin drew the first chemistry equation in 1615.

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A process needs a negative change in free energy to be spontaneous. The relationship between the changes in enthalpy and entropy and the change in free energy is explained.

Whereas delta G° refers to the standard Gibbs free energy under standard conditions, delta G alone refers to the change in Gibbs free energy under specific conditions.

Declining energy and rising entropy interact to form combustion processes, which are what spontaneous reactions are. The reaction is random if the Gibbs Free Energy is negative; it is non-spontaneous if it is positive.

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The boiling point of the substance in the given temperature versus time graph is at 120°C.

Based on the given temperature versus time graph, the boiling point of the substance can be determined by analyzing the temperature at which the substance changes from a liquid to a gas. This is commonly referred to as the boiling point of the substance.

In this graph, there is a rapid increase in temperature from 0°C to 140°C between time 7 and time 18. This suggests that the substance underwent a phase change from a liquid to a gas during this period. Therefore, the boiling point of the substance is located between 0°C and 140°C.

Furthermore, we can see that the temperature is constant at 120°C between time 18 and time 19. This indicates that the substance has fully boiled and is now at a constant temperature of 120°C. Therefore, we can conclude that the boiling point of the substance is at 120°C.

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Answer:

0.1395 mole

Explanation:

1 mole of plutonium contains 6.022 x 10^23 atoms

=> 8.4 x 10^22 / 6.022 x 10^23 = 1.395 x 10^-1 = 0.1395 mole

Answer:

A hydrocarbon

Explanation:

Answer:

To solve this problem, we need to calculate the number of moles of NaOH and HCl that are added to the water, and then determine how these react to form a new solution.

First, let's calculate the number of moles of NaOH that are added to the water:

moles NaOH = Molarity x Volume (in liters)

moles NaOH = 0.100 mol/L x 0.00400 L

moles NaOH = 0.000400 mol

Next, let's calculate the number of moles of HCl that are added to the solution:

moles HCl = Molarity x Volume (in liters)

moles HCl = 0.800 mol/L x 0.01900 L

moles HCl = 0.0152 mol

Now we need to determine how these react with each other. NaOH and HCl react in a 1:1 ratio to form NaCl (sodium chloride) and water:

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Since we have an excess of HCl, all of the NaOH will be used up in the reaction. Therefore, the moles of NaCl formed will be equal to the moles of NaOH added. The remaining HCl will determine the pH of the resulting solution.

moles NaCl = 0.000400 mol

The total volume of the resulting solution is:

volume = 50.00 mL + 4.00 mL + 19.00 mL

volume = 0.07300 L

The concentration of HCl in the resulting solution is:

concentration HCl = moles HCl / volume

concentration HCl = 0.0152 mol / 0.07300 L

concentration HCl = 0.208 M

To find the pH, we can use the formula:

pH = -log[H+]

where [H+] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. Since HCl is a strong acid, it completely dissociates in water to form H+ and Cl- ions. Therefore, the concentration of H+ ions in the solution is equal to the concentration of HCl.

pH = -log(0.208)

pH = 0.68

Therefore, the pH of the resulting solution is 0.68.

By dissolving 44.2 mg of aspirin in 0.358 L of water at 25 °C, an osmotic pressure of 0.00578 atm is created.

When aspirin is dissolved in water, osmotic pressure ( π ) = iMRT

Where,

Molar mass of aspirin (C9H8O4) = 180.16 g/mol

44.2 mg = 0.0442 g

Moles of aspirin = 0.0442 g / 180.16 g/mol

= 0.000245 moles

Molarity of aspirin solution

= moles / volume = 0.000245 moles / 0.358 L

= 0.000685 M

π = iMRT  {on equating both the equations}

= (1)(0.000685 M)(0.08206 L·atm/(mol·K))(25 + 273.15 K)

= 0.00578 atm

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The pH of the resulting solution is approximately 1.96.

To solve this problem, we need to calculate the concentration of the final solution after the addition of NaOH and HCl, and then use this concentration to calculate the pH of the solution.

First, let's calculate the number of moles of NaOH and HCl that are added to the solution:

moles of NaOH = volume of NaOH x concentration of NaOH

moles of NaOH = 5.00 mL x (0.100 mol/L) / 1000 mL/L

moles of NaOH = 0.0005 mol

moles of HCl = volume of HCl x concentration of HCl

moles of HCl = 10.00 mL x (0.100 mol/L) / 1000 mL/L

moles of HCl = 0.001 mol

Next, let's determine the number of moles of NaOH and HCl that react with each other:

Since NaOH and HCl react in a 1:1 ratio, the number of moles of NaOH that react with HCl is equal to the number of moles of HCl, which is 0.001 mol.

Since we can't have negative moles of a substance, we know that all of the NaOH has reacted with the HCl. Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH in the final solution is zero, and the number of moles of HCl is equal to the original number of moles of HCl added to the solution, which is 0.001 mol.

Now, let's calculate the concentration of the final solution:

total volume of the solution = volume of NaOH + volume of water + volume of HCl

total volume of the solution = 5.00 mL + 75.00 mL + 10.00 mL

total volume of the solution = 90.00 mL

concentration of the final solution = moles of HCl / total volume of the solution

concentration of the final solution = 0.001 mol / (90.00 mL / 1000 mL/L)

concentration of the final solution = 0.0111 mol/L

Finally, let's calculate the pH of the final solution using the formula for the pH of an acidic solution:

pH = -log[H+]

[H+] = concentration of H+ ions in the solution

[H+] = concentration of HCl

pH = -log(0.0111)

pH = 1.96

Therefore, the pH of the resulting solution is approximately 1.96 after calculating the concentration of final solution.

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1. The number of moles of carbon dioxide represent is 4 moles

2. The number of atoms of hydrogen that reacts is 1.204×10²⁴ atoms

3. The mole ratio between oxygen and water is 5 : 2

The number of mole of carbon dioxide represent can be obtained as follow:

2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O

From the balanced equation above,

2 moles of C₂H₂ reacted with 5 moles of O₂ to produce 4 moles of CO₂ and 2 moles of H₂O

Thus, we can conclude that the number of mole of carbon dioxide, CO₂ represent is 4 moles

The number of atoms of hydrogen that reacts can be obtained as follow:

2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O

1 mole of H = 6.02×10²³ atoms

Therefore,

2 moles of H = (2 mole × 6.02×10²³ atoms) / 1 mole

2 moles of H = 1.204×10²⁴ atoms

Thus, the number of atoms is 1.204×10²⁴ atoms

The mole ration between oxygen and water can be obtained as follow:

2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ → 4CO₂ + 2H₂O

Mole ratio = Mole of oxygen / mole of water

Mole ratio = 5 / 2

Mole ratio = 5 : 2

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Answer:

Carbon dioxide is CO2 and the number in front of that product is 4, so without additional information it is safe to assume we have four moles of carbon dioxide.

As for part b, the only compound that has hydrogen is C2H2 which consists of 2 moles of hydrogen because of the subscript next to the hydrogen. We have 2 moles of C2H2 so we multiply our existing number of moles of hydrogen by 2 to get the total number of moles for hydrogen. Which in this case will be 4 moles.

Oxygen gas is O2 and water is H2O. The coefficient in front of O2 is 5 and the coefficient in front of H2O is 2. So the ratio is 5:2.

So, 5.42 g or so is roughly the mass of oxygen gas.

The number of moles of gas, n, is equal to the mass of the gas in the syringe divided by its molar mass in grammes. To calculate n, the number of moles of gas, use the ideal gas equation PV = nRT. For this, the experiment's ambient temperature and pressure must be recorded.

The ideal gas law can be used to solve this issue:

PV = nRT

We need to find the number of moles of oxygen gas, which can be calculated as:

n = PV/RT

where P = 7.05 atm, V = 5.2 L, R = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K, and T = 25°C + 273.15 = 298.15 K.

n = (7.05 atm)(5.2 L)/(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)(298.15 K) ≈ 0.169 mol

Now we can use the molar mass of oxygen to calculate its mass:

mass = n × M

where M is the molar mass of oxygen, which is approximately 32 g/mol.

mass = 0.169 mol × 32 g/mol ≈ 5.42 g

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9.0 g of C6H12O6 contain 3.01 x 10²³ molecules of glucose.

The result is 180.156, with grammes per mole being the unit. Hence, the mass of glucose is 90 and its molar mass is 180.156, giving us the moles of glucose, which are roughly 1.5 moles.

We can convert grammes to moles using the molar mass of glucose, and then moles to molecules using Avogadro's number:

1 mole C6H12O6 = 180 g C6H12O6

90.0 g C6H12O6 = (90.0 g C6H12O6) / (180 g/mol) = 0.5 mol C6H12O6

1 mol C6H12O6 = 6.02 x 10²³ molecules C6H12O6

0.5 mol C6H12O6 = (0.5 mol C6H12O6) x (6.02 x 10²³ molecules/mol) = 3.01 x 10²³ molecules C6H12O6

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Around 0.999 grams of iron made up the initial sample. Mathematical definitions of molarity include: Molarity is equal to the quantity of solute in moles.

By dividing the number of moles of HCl even by volume (L) of a solution in which they were dissolved, we may get the acid solution's molarity: moles of Ce4+ = Molarity Volume (in liters)

By substituting the values specified in the problem, we obtain:

Ce4+ moles equal 0.493 M 0.03635 L 0.0179 moles.

As the reaction requires the same number of moles of Fe2+ and Ce4+, we may state that:

Fe2+ mole equivalent: 0.0179 moles

We must translate the moles of Fe2+ into grams if iron using molar mass of Fe in order to determine the amount of iron with in original sample. A mol of iron has a molar mass of 55.845 g.

Fe2+ molar mass is equal to 0.0179 moles, or 55.845 g/mol, times the mass of Fe, making Fe mass equal to 0.999 g.

Mathematical definitions of molarity include: Molarity is equal to the quantity of solute in moles. number of litres in the solution. The volume of the solution will be in litres (L), as the quantity of moles per solute was measured in moles. Therefore, mol L – 1 is the unit of molarity.

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Answer: multiple choice

Q1: Empty Space

Q2: protons and neutrons

Q3: A

Q4:C

Q5:A

Explanation:

IHD (Index of Hydrogen Deficiency) is a measure of the number of unsaturations (double bonds or rings) present in an organic compound.

IHD = 1/2 times (2C+2+N-H-X)

C = Number of carbon atoms

N = Number of nitrogen atoms

H = Number of hydrogen atoms

X = Number of halogen atoms

a) 2(5) + 2 + 0 - 6 - 0/2

= 3

b) 2(6) + 2 + 0 - 10 - 0/2

= 2

c) 2(12) + 2 + 1 - 17 - 0/2

= 5

d) 2(3) + 2 + 0 - 5 - 1/2

= 1

e) 2(5) + 2 + 0 - 6 - 0/2

= 3

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The change in temperature for the silicon is 7.042°C.

The change in temperature of a substance can be calculated by using the following formula:

Q = mc∆T

Where;

According to this question, 125 J of energy are released when 25.0 g Si comes into contact with cold water.

125J = 25 g × 0.71 J/g K × ∆T

125 = 17.75∆T

∆T = 125/17.75

∆T = 7.042°C

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