Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is written as Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, which means that it contains one mole of calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) and four moles of water (4H2O).
Since we know that the compound contains 0.44 moles of calcium nitrate, we can use the coefficient of the water in the chemical formula to find out how many moles of water the compound contains. The coefficient of water in the chemical formula is 4, so we can use it to calculate the number of moles of water in the compound:
0.44 moles of calcium nitrate x 4 moles of water/1 mole of calcium nitrate = 1.76 moles of water.
So the compound contains 1.76 moles of water.
how many years would it take for three quarters of the original amount of carbon 12 in the sample to become stable
The half-life of carbon-12, the most common isotope of carbon, is approximately 5,730 years.
This means that after 5,730 years, half of the original amount of carbon-12 in a sample will have decayed into a stable isotope (nitrogen-14). Therefore, it would take approximately 11,460 years for three quarters of the original amount of carbon-12 in a sample to become stable. Importantly, carbon-12 is not radioactive and hence does not decay into a stable isotope, but it is used in carbon dating because it is a stable isotope of carbon. Dating depends on the decay of other isotopes, such as carbon-14 or radiocarbon.
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Copper has a density of
8.96 g/cm³. If it has a
volume 30.5 mL, what is
the copper's mass?
Mass may be calculated by multiplying density by volume if you already know the density and the volume.
How much substance is present in a material for each unit of volume is known as the density of an item. As a result, the following formula may be used to determine how an object's mass, m, density, ρ, and volume, V are connected.
ρ = m/V
where ρ=8.96 and V=30.5 and m=copper's mass
By entering these values into the equation above, we obtain
8.96 = m/30.5
Cross multiplying results in
m = 8.96x30.5
m = 273.28 g
Consequently, mass of copper is 273.28 g
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2. A glass container is filled with 150 molecules of
gas. If 200 more molecules are added to the
container, pressure inside will…
A. decrease
B. increase
C. remain the same
D. not enough information
CU
II
Answer:
B. increase
Explanation:
the pressure will increase because there is more molecules inside the container
s 6 hno3 --> h2so4 6 no2 2 h2o in the above equation how many moles of water can be made when 96.00 moles of hno3 are consumed?
The balanced equation states that for every 6 moles of HNO3 consumed, 2 moles of H2O are produced.
In this case, we are given that 96.00 moles of HNO3 are consumed in the reaction. To find the number of moles of H2O produced, we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation. We know that for every 6 moles of HNO3 consumed, 2 moles of H2O are produced. Therefore, we can use the proportion: 2 moles H2O/ 6 moles HNO3 = x moles H2O / 96.00 moles HNO3. Solving for x gives: x = (2 * 96.00) / 6 = 16 moles of H2O are produced when 96.00 moles of HNO3 are consumed. It's important to note that the balanced equation provides the stoichiometry of the reaction which helps us to calculate the number of moles of product produced from the given number of moles of reactant. The balanced equation also tells us that the reaction is stoichiometrically balanced and the number of moles of reactant and product are in a defined ratio.
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based on your theoretical yield, what is the percent yield of ammonia if only 8.33 grams of ammonia is produced?
The percent yield of ammonia would be 83.3%.
The percent yield of ammonia is calculated by dividing the actual yield (8.33 g) by the theoretical yield (10 g) and multiplying by 100. The result is 83.3%, which is the percent yield.The percent yield of ammonia is a measure of efficiency for a reaction, calculated by dividing the actual yield of the product by the theoretical yield of the product, and multiplying the result by 100. In this case, the actual yield of ammonia was 8.33 grams, while the theoretical yield was 10 grams. By dividing 8.33 by 10 and multiplying by 100, the percent yield of ammonia was determined to be 83.3%. This indicates that the reaction was 83.3% efficient, with the remaining 16.7% unaccounted for.
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Please help Quick ASAP Hurry Chemistry
To drill or not to drill? That is the big question as Americans face climbing gas prices. A group of research scientists employed by Mobil Oil conducted a study on the feasibility of drilling for oil off the coast of California. They researched the impact of oil drilling on near-by ecosystems and investigated the likelihood of future oil spills. According to their data, coastal California would be an excellent location to drill for oil. Based on historical data, there is a very small chance of future oil spills.
According to this passage, research scientists concluded coastal California would be an excellent location to drill for oil. This conclusion is most likely based on
A. the declining populations in coastal areas.
B. possible job creations due to the new project.
C. the climbing gas price along with the need of gas supply.
D. historical data revealing little or no chance of an oil spill.
This conclusion that coastal California would be an excellent location to drill for oil is most likely based on:
D. Historical data revealing little or no chance of an oil spill.
How was the conclusion reached?The conclusion that coastal California will be ideal for oil drilling is based on the historical data that was examined by the analysts. This is a very good way of making environmental and business decisions.
If past data shows that a given trend or pattern is evident, then, intentional businesses should be able to base their findings on these.
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8.00 g of NaOH is dissolved in 5.00 L of water. Calculate the pH of the solution:
The pH of the solution prepared by dissolving 8.00 g of NaOH in 5.00 L of water is 12.598.
It is evident that from the given information, 8.00 g of NaOH (which is a strong base) has been dissolved in 5.00 L of water. So to calculate the pH of a solution we can use the formula:
m = n / M. Given :
n = 8.00 g / 40.00 g/mol = 0.200 mol
M = 40.00 g/mol
m = 0.200 mol / 5.00 L = 0.04 mol/L
By knowing the concentration of hydroxide ions, we can use the relationship:
[OH-] = 10^(-14) / [H+]
pH = -log[H+]
The product of [H+] and [OH-] is always equal to 10^(-14) at 25 degree Celsius. Hence,
[H+] * [OH-] = 10^(-14)
[OH-] = 10^(-14) / [H+]
Substituting the value of [OH-] in the above equation.
pH = - log(10^(-14) / 0.04 ) =
pH = - log(2.5*10^(-13)) =
Therefore, the pH of the solution is 12.598.
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noble gases . a. make hydrogen bonds b. make ionic bonds c. make covalent bonds d. make polar bonds e. do not bond
Noble gases are very less reactive. The correct is noble gases e) do not bond.
The noble gases are the very less reactive. The valence shell or the outer most shell are fully filled and this is the reason it can not share the electrons or gain the electrons to form the bond. The noble gas are belongs to the group 18 in the periodic table. The noble gases are : helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and the radon. They are non reactive gases and called as inert.
Thus, The noble gases don not form the chemical bond and they are very stable.
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How many hydrogen bonds can C2H5OH make
2H5OH, also known as ethanol, is capable of forming hydrogen bonds. The ethanol molecule has a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a hydrogen atom on the carbon atom. The hydroxyl group can act as an electron donor and form hydrogen bonds with other electron-accepting groups such as nitrogen and oxygen atoms. The hydrogen atom can also act as an electron acceptor and form hydrogen bonds with electron-donating groups such as nitrogen and oxygen atoms.
In ethanol, the hydroxyl group is capable of forming one hydrogen bond with another molecule. In addition to that, the hydrogen atom on the carbon atom can form a hydrogen bond as well, So in total, C2H5OH can form 2 hydrogen bonds.
why is 2-chloro 2-methylbutane is more stable
The more stable secondary alkyl radical is easier to create, hence 2 chlorobutane is created quicker than 1 chlorobutane.
What is stability?Chemical stability in chemistry refers to a chemical system's thermodynamic stability.
When a system is in its lowest energy state or in chemical equilibrium with its surroundings, thermodynamic stability occurs.
In this case, the primary alkyl halide is 1-chlorobutane, while the secondary halide is 2-chlorobutane.
As a result, the SN1 reaction will occur in the 2-chlorobutane more quickly than the 1-chlorobutane.
Since it is simpler to produce the more stable secondary alkyl radical, 2 chlorobutane is produced more quickly than 1 chlorobutane.
Thus, 2-chloro 2-methylbutane is more stable.
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Calculate the volume in mL of a 1.420 M NaOH solution required to titrate the following solutions:
(a) 25.00 mL of a 2.430 M HCI solution
(b) 25.00 mL of a 4.500 M H2SO4 solution
(c) 25.00 mL of a 1.500 M H3PO4 solution
Neutralizing each mole of [tex]$\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4$[/tex] will therefore, take three moles of NaOH.
How do you calculate volume needed to titrate?Put the titration formula to use. The formula is molarity (M) of the acid x volume (V) of the acid = molarity (M) of the base x volume (V) of the base if the mole ratio between the titrant and analyte is 1:1. The number of moles of solute per litre of solution is how a solution's concentration, or molarity, is stated.
1M = 1 mol L
[tex]$34.55 \mathrm{~mL}=\frac{34.55}{1000}=0.03455 \mathrm{~L}$[/tex]
n = cV = 0.03455 × 1.500 = 0.05183 mol.
[tex]$\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4$[/tex] exists inorganic. All three of its H atoms required to neutralized. It takes one [tex]$\mathrm{OH}^{-}$[/tex]to neutralize each H from [tex]$\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4$[/tex]. Each formula unit of NaOH will provide one [tex]$\mathrm{OH}^{-}$[/tex]ion. Neutralizing each mole of [tex]$\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4$[/tex] will therefore, take three moles of NaOH
[tex]$n(\mathrm{NaOH})=3 n\left(\mathrm{H}_3 \mathrm{PO}_4\right)=3 \times 0.05183=0.1555 \mathrm{~mol} \text {. }$$[/tex]
[tex]$V=\frac{n}{c}=\frac{0.1555}{1.420}=0.1095 \mathrm{~L}=0.1095 \times 10^3 \mathrm{~mL}=109.5 \mathrm{~mL} \text {. }$$[/tex]
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Describe the properties of microwaves using some of the prompt words listed below: reflected,glass,plastic,atmosphere,Ionosphere ,absorbed,frequency,wavelength, heat,Vibrate.
The radiations that can emit electromagnetic energy with shorter wavelengths are these ones. Because metal surfaces reflect microwaves, Occurrences including refraction, diffraction, reflection, and interference have an impact on the transmission of microwaves.
How do microwaves and infrared waves behave?Waves made up of shifting magnetic and electric fields are used to transport both infrared and microwave energy. The heat from these waves is produced. Although they are just past the human eye's range of visibility, infrared and microwave photons can both be felt as warmth.The radiations that can emit electromagnetic energy with shorter wavelengths are these ones. Because metal surfaces reflect microwaves, Occurrences including refraction, diffraction, reflection, and interference have an impact on the transmission of microwaves.Waves made up of shifting magnetic and electric fields are used to transport both infrared and microwave energy. The heat from these waves is produced.To learn more about microwaves refer to:
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flask a contains molecules of elemental oxygen and molecules of elemental hydrogen, while flask b contains only molecules that are made of both oxygen and hydrogen. how would the contents of these flasks be defined?
Flask a contains molecules of oxygen and hydrogen which are gases while flask b contains molecules made up of both oxygen and hydrogen I.e water.
Oxygen in the atmosphere is a molecule because it contains molecular bonds. It is not a compound because it is made from atoms of only one element - oxygen. This type of molecule is called a diatomic molecule, a molecule made from two atoms of the same type.same as oxygen, hydrogen molecules are also formed of two hydrogen atoms hence, it is also a molecule.But as flask b contains compound made up of both hydrogen and oxygen and the compound is water .go through the given link below to know more about molecules:-
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what is the maximum mass of aluminum chloride that can be formed when reacting 32.0 g of aluminum with 37.0 g of chlorine?
The amount of AlCl3 that may be created from 22.0g of Al is shown by this equation.
22.0g Al multiplied by (1 mol Al/26.98g) by (2 mol AlCl3/2mol Al) by (133.34 g/1mol AlCl3) results in 108.66g AlCl3.
This equation illustrates the amount of AlCl3 that may be created from 27.0g of Cl2.
33.87g AlCl3 is obtained by multiplying 27.0g Cl2 by (1 mol Cl2/70.91g) x (2mol AlCl3/3 mol Cl2) x 133.34g.
This demonstrates that the limiting reactant is chlorine. The maximum amount of AlCl3 that can be created before the chlorine runs out is 33.87 grams.
The solution, using significant digits, is 33.8g of AlCl3.
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for a reversible reaction in a 2.00 liter container at equilibrium, the following amounts were found in equilibrium at 400 degrees Celsius:0.0420 mole N2, 0.516 mole H2 and 0.0357 mole NH3. Calculate the equilibrium constant.
N2(g) + 3H2(g)--> 2NH3
( please disregard the arrow, the reaction is a reversible)
Answer:
The equilibrium constant for the reversible reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) <---> 2NH3 at 400 degrees Celsius is given by K = [NH3]2/[N2][H2]3 = (0.0357)2/(0.0420)(0.516)3 = 0.000457.
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Subscript of H2 is blank indicating that H2 contains two hydrogen atoms
Subscript of [tex]H_2[/tex] is number indicating that [tex]H_2[/tex] contains two hydrogen atoms.
What is subscript?A subscript is a character that is printed slightly below and to the side of another character, commonly a letter or a number.
Chemists frequently employ subscripts in their formulations. When writing the chemical formula for water, H2O, a scientist would place the number 2 lower and smaller than the letters to either side of it.
To display the number of electrons in a specific sublevel, use superscripts.
Thus, the subscript of hydrogen represents the number of atoms.
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an object movings at a velocity of 0.327 m/s (v) travels 45.6 m (d). determine the time (t) that the object was moving
The time that the object was moving is 139.6 seconds.
Calculating the time (t) that the object was moving:To determine the time (t) that the object was moving, you can use the formula:
t = d
v
where,
d = the distance the object travels
v = its velocity
d = 45.6 m
v = 0.327 m/s
Substituting the given values:
t = 45.6 m
0.327 m/s
t = 139.6 seconds
Hence, the time that the object was moving is 139.6 seconds.
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Chemistry Qurstion attached
The number of moles of the oxygen that have been produced is 51.9 moles.
What mass of the oxygen can be obtained?We know that we can be able to use the stoichiometry of the reaction to be able to obtain the reactants and the products of the reaction. In this case we have the decomposition of the aluminum oxide.
We know that;
Number of moles of the aluminum oxide = 34.6 moles
If 2 moles of the aluminum oxide produces 3 moles of oxygen
34.6 moles of the aluminum oxide would produce
34.6 * 3/2
= 51.9 moles
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a chemist wants to make 5.0 moles of (nh4)3po4 in a formation reaction starting with the constituent elements. how many moles of hydrogen gas are needed
A chemist wants to make the 5.0 moles of (NH₄)₃PO₄ in the formation of the reaction starting with the constituent elements. The moles of hydrogen gas are needed is 60 moles.
The chemical name of the compound is (NH₄)₃PO₄ is ammonium phosphate.
1 mole of (NH₄)₃PO₄ requires the 12 moles of the hydrogen
1 mole = 6.022 × 10²³ atoms / molecules , this is Avogadro's constant
1 mole of (NH₄)₃PO₄ = 12 moles of the hydrogen
5 moles of (NH₄)₃PO₄ = 5 × 12 moles of the hydrogen
5 moles of (NH₄)₃PO₄ = 60 moles of the hydrogen .
Thus, the moles of hydrogen is 60 moles.
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when is the best time to clean glassware during the lab session?
To prevent the buildup of difficult-to-remove residue, immediately wash glassware in hot water or a glassware washer after using it. If washing glassware right after after use isn't possible, Corning advises soaking it in water.
Scrub the interior of curved glassware with warm tap water and a brush dipped in soapy water. You can flush the sink with this waste water. To avoid severe water stains, remove soap suds with deionized water. Pouring the DI water rinse through clean glassware should result in a smooth sheet. deliver precise outcomes. Both a dirty lab and erroneous results are hazardous. Lab equipment, particularly glassware, needs to be cleaned after each usage. The outcomes of laboratory studies can be changed by leftovers from earlier experiments, dampness, or even dust particles.
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a tank at is filled with of sulfur hexafluoride gas and of dinitrogen difluoride gas. you can assume both gases behave as ideal gases under these conditions. calculate the mole fraction and partial pressure of each gas, and the total pressure in the tank. be sure your answers have the correct number of significant digits.
The mole fraction, the partial pressure of SF6, the mole fraction of N2F2, the partial pressure of SF6, the partial pressure of N2F2, and the total pressure in the tank are all 0.62, 1.18, and 0.72 atm, respectively.
We must first determine how many moles of each gas are present in the tank in order to calculate their mole fraction and partial pressure. You can use the equation 8.5 / (8.5 + 5.2) = 0.62 if the tank is filled with 8.5 moles of sulfur hexafluoride gas and 5.2 moles of dinitrogen difluoride gas.
Nitrous oxide mole fraction is calculated as follows: (moles of N2F2) / (moles of total both gases) = 5.2 / (8.5 + 5.2) = 0.38.
The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, can be used to determine the tank's overall pressure. The total pressure in the tank can be calculated using the volume of the tank and the number of moles of each gas, assuming a constant temperature.
The formula below to determine the temperature and tank volume if the temperature is 25 degrees Celsius and the tank has a volume of 12 liters.
(Total Pressure) = (8.314 J/mol × K)(298 K) / (12L) (Total Moles).
Approximately is the total tank pressure.
Nine atmospheres.
Then: when considering SF6 partial pressure.
1.18 atm is equal to (0.62) × 1.9 atm.
N2F2 has the following partial pressure:
0.38 and 1.9 atm equals 72 atm.
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What is the water referred to as in a solution of a carbonated beverage?
(A) a precipitate
(B) a solvent
(C) a solute
(D) saturated
Answer: B: a solvent
Explanation: I hope this helps!
calculate the molecular weight (in amu) of monosodium glutamate.
Answer:
169.364 amu
Explanation:
Hey there!
To find the molecular weight, you have to first convert this into a chemical formula:
C5H8NO4Na
Now we have to find the mass for each of the elements and add them up to get our final answer
(12.06x5) + (1.008 x 8) + (14.01) + (16 x 4) + (22.99)
Adding all of it up we get:
169.364 amu
12. What is the freezing point of a solution made by mixing 56.5 grams of NaCl and 615.0
grams of water? (Kr of water is 1.86 °C/m)
The freezing point of a solution made by mixing 56.5 grams of NaCl and 615.0 grams of water -5.84 °C.
What is the freezing point depression of the solution?The freezing point depression that occurs in water when mixing 56.5 grams of NaCl and 615.0 grams of water is determined using the freezing point depression formula as given below:
ΔTf = Kf * m * i
where;
ΔTf is the freezing point depression
Kf is a constant
m is the molality of the solution
i = constant
For the given solution;
Kf = 1.86
i = 2 (NaCl produces two ions)
Molality = moles of solute/mass of solvent in kg
Mass of solvent = 615.0 g or 0.615 kg
Moles of NaCl = mass / molar mass
Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5
Mass of NaCl = 56.5
Moles of NaCl = 56.5/58.5
Moles of NaCl = 0.966 moles
Molality = 0.966/0.615
Molality = 1.57 molal
ΔTf = 1.86 * 1.57 * 2
ΔTf = 5.84
The freezing point of solution = 0 - 5.84
The freezing point of solution = -5.84 °C
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What types of mixtures could be separated by decanting? Is laboratory equipment necessary
for decanting a mixture? Why or why not?
Answer:
Decanting can separate solid-liquid mixtures or mixtures of two immiscible liquids.
Laboratory equipment is not needed to decant a mixture because one liquid is denser than the other liquid so they separate naturally
Explanation:
Decanting can separate solid-liquid mixtures or mixtures of two immiscible liquids.
This is because decanting involves carefully pouring of a liquid from one container to another and as such, it can be used to separate immiscible liquids such as oil and water.
Write electron configurations for… a. sodium b. iodine c. iron
Answer: a. The electron configuration for sodium (atomic number 11) is:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹
b. The electron configuration for iodine (atomic number 53) is:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹0 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹0 5p⁵
c. The electron configuration for iron (atomic number 26) is:
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d⁶
Oxides of active metals react with water to produce____
Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide and hydrogen gas. Metal oxides that are soluble in water dissolve in it to further form metal hydroxide. When a metal and water react.
metal oxide and hydrogen gas are formed. The fundamental equation for the metal reaction with water is metal + water = metal oxide + hydrogen. Cold water swiftly reacts with the metals sodium, potassium, and calcium to generate hydroxides. In most cases, they react with water to generate bases or with acids to form salts. MO + H2O M(OH)2 (M = a group 2 metal) As a result, these compounds are frequently referred to as basic oxides. Magnesium oxide, for example, interacts with water to generate magnesium hydroxide, which turns red litmus blue, showing that it is a base. Magnesium oxide + Water Magnesium hydroxide is the chemical formula for this reaction.
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At 598 K the rate constant for the decomposition of NO₂ is 0. 750 M⁻¹s⁻¹. When the temperature is raised to 751 K the rate constant is 19. 7 M⁻¹s⁻¹. What is activation energy (Ea) for this reaction, expressed as kJ/mol? Enter just a number with 3 significant digits in "kJ/mol"
The activation energy (Ea) for this reaction is 34.7kJ when the rate constant for the decomposition of NO₂ is 0.750M⁻¹s⁻¹ at 598K and the rate constant at 751K is 19.7 M⁻¹s⁻¹.
Given the initial temperature (t1) = 598K
The first rate constant (k1) = 0. 750 M⁻¹s⁻¹
The final temperature (t2) = 751k
The second rate constant (k2) = 19.7 M⁻¹s⁻¹
Rate constants are related to temperature and activation energy by the Arrhenius equation as: ki = Ae^-(Ea/RTi) where A is the pre-exponential factor, R is the universal gas constant = 8.314472 J/mol.K, T is the temperature, Ea is the activation energy and K is rate constant. The activation energy for a given reaction is not affected by temperature.
So, k2/k1 = Ae^-(Ea/RT2)/Ae^-(Ea/RT1)
log(k2/k1) = -Ea/R[1/T2 - 1/T1]
log(19.7 / 0.750) = -Ea/8.314[1/751 - 1/598]
log(26.26) = -Ea/8.314[-0.00034]
1.419 x 8.314 = 0.00034Ea
Ea = 11.8/0.00034 = 34705.93 = 34.7kJ
Hence the required activation energy (Ea) is 34.7kJ
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Can anyone please help I have an answer but I think it is wrong.
There are 22. 73 dag (decagrams) of C6H18O3 available.
a. How many moles of C6H18O3?
b. How many grams of CO2 can form?
The number of moles of C6H18O3 that can be formed is 2 and 264grams of CO2 can be formed from C6H18O3.
Given the substance C6H18O3
Mass of C6H18O3 available (m) = 22.73decagrams = 227.3g
Molar mass of C6H18O3 (M) = 131.28g/mol
We know that number of moles is taken as = mass of substance/Molar mass of that substance
So, number if moles of C6H18O3 = 227.3/138.21 = 1.72
From the reaction: C6H18O3 + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 9H2O
We can see that for every 1 mole of C6H18O3 6 moles of CO2 is formed.
So the mass of CO2(carbon dioxide) used is calculated as:
mass = moles of CO2 x Molar mass of CO2
Molar mass of CO2 = 44g/mol
mass of CO2 = 6 x 44 = 264g
Hence the required mass of CO2 is 264g
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A substance decomposes with a rate constant of 9. 05 x 10-45-1. How
long does it take for 13. 0% of the substance to decompose?
The chemical must break down within 283 seconds.
The fact that the rate constant "k" is expressed in units of "s1" indicates that the reaction is a first-order one.
We also have the following for the first-order process from chemical kinetics:
equation is in attached image
Where,
K is the reaction's rate constant.
R0 = starting reactant concentration
R=remaining reactant concentration at time t.
t is the length of time needed for the change to take place.
Considering the query we have,
[tex]K=\frac{2.303}{t} log \frac{R_{0}}{R}\\K=9.05 {*} 10^{-4}S^{-1}[/tex]
R₀=100g
R=100-13=87g
By changing the necessary variables in equation (1), we obtain;
[tex]t=\frac{2.303} k *log \frac{100}{87}\\\\\\t=\frac{2.303}{9.05*10^{-4}} (log100-log87)\\\\t=\frac{2.303} {9.05*10^{-4}} *1.113\\\\t=\frac{2.563}{9.05}*10^{4} sec\\\\t=0.283*10^{4} sec\\\\t=283sec[/tex]
Therefore, 283 seconds are needed for the chemical to break down.
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