10. For the reaction
H₂(g) + O₂(g) → H₂O(l)
H=-286 kJ/mol
What is the enthalpy change when 10.4 mol of hydrogen gas reacts with excess oxygen?
a. 27.5 kJ
b.-27.5 kJ
c. 3.64 x 10-2 J
d. -2.97 × 10³ J
e. -1.48 x 10³ J

Answer:

When there is a high dietary intake of potassium (K+), there is a higher concentration of K+ in the extracellular fluid (ECF) which causes the cell membrane to depolarize. This could lead to hyperkalemia, which is a serious condition that can lead to cardiac arrhythmia, muscle weakness, and even death.

The Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure by reabsorbing Na+ in the distal tubules of the kidneys. The NCC is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and aldosterone increases reabsorption of Na+ through the NCC.

However, a high K+ intake can inhibit the actions of the RAAS, reducing aldosterone secretion and, therefore, reducing the reabsorption of Na+ through the NCC. This leads to increased Na+ excretion in the urine, which helps decrease blood pressure.

In addition, the increased excretion of Na+ will further limit any potential increases in serum potassium concentrations, reducing the chances of developing hyperkalemia. Therefore, the effect of K+ on NCC can simultaneously prevent hyperkalemia and promote increased Na+ excretion, leading to modulation of blood pressure.

Answer:a. 2Hg(NO3)2(s) → 2Hg(l) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)

b. Ca3(PO4)2(aq) + 2H3PO4(aq) → 3Ca(H2PO4)2(aq)

c. 3NaOH(aq) + FeCl3(aq) → Fe(OH)3(aq) + 3NaCl(aq)

Explanation:

Therefore, the pH at equivalence is 5.27 as a chemist titrates 190 ml of .2412 nitrous acid solution with .377 M KOH solution.

Titration is a laboratory technique used to determine the concentration of a solution (the analyte) by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (the titrant). This is typically done by slowly adding the titrant to the analyte until the reaction is complete, which can be determined by a change in color, pH, or other measurable property. The point at which the reaction is complete is called the equivalence point, and it corresponds to the stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of the analyte and titrant.

Here,

Nitrous acid (HNO2) is a weak acid, so we can use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to calculate the pH at equivalence:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

where pKa is the acid dissociation constant, [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base (NO2-), and [HA] is the concentration of the acid (HNO2).

At equivalence, the moles of acid will be equal to the moles of base. We can use this relationship to calculate the concentration of HNO2:

moles of HNO2 = (volume of HNO2 solution) x (concentration of HNO2 solution)

moles of KOH = (volume of KOH solution) x (concentration of KOH solution)

Since the stoichiometric ratio of KOH to HNO2 is 1:1, the moles of HNO2 will be equal to the moles of KOH at equivalence.

moles of HNO2 = moles of KOH

(volume of HNO2 solution) x (concentration of HNO2 solution) = (volume of KOH solution) x (concentration of KOH solution)

We can rearrange this equation to solve for the concentration of HNO2:

concentration of HNO2 = [(volume of KOH solution) x (concentration of KOH solution)] / (volume of HNO2 solution)

Now we can substitute this value into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

pH = 3.35 + log([0.377 M]/[concentration of HNO2])

Plugging in the values, we get:

concentration of HNO2 = (190 ml) x (0.2412 M) / 1000 ml = 0.04581 moles/L

pH = 3.35 + log([0.377 M]/[0.04581 M])

pH = 5.27

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Answer:

To calculate the energy consumed by the client, we need to use the following formula:

Energy (in calories) = (grams of carbohydrate x 4) + (grams of protein x 4) + (grams of fat x 9)

First, let's calculate the amount of each nutrient in the 180ml serving:

Carbohydrates: (75 ml / serving) x (13.5 g / 75 ml) x 180 ml = 32.4 g

Protein: (75 ml / serving) x (10 g / 75 ml) x 180 ml = 24 g

Fat: (75 ml / serving) x (4 g / 75 ml) x 180 ml = 9.6 g

Now we can calculate the energy consumed:

Energy = (32.4 g x 4) + (24 g x 4) + (9.6 g x 9) = 129.6 + 96 + 86.4 = 312 calories

Therefore, the client has consumed 312 calories from the 180 ml serving of the product.

Answer:

Nitrogen fertilizers: These are used to promote leafy growth and overall plant development. Examples include ammonium nitrate, urea, and ammonium sulfate.

Phosphorus fertilizers: These are used to promote root development and flowering. Examples include superphosphate and triple superphosphate.

Potassium fertilizers: These are used to improve fruit quality and disease resistance. Examples include potassium chloride and potassium sulfate.

Organic fertilizers: These are derived from natural sources such as animal manure, compost, and bone meal. They provide a slow-release source of nutrients and can also improve soil structure and fertility.

Ultimately, the choice of fertilizer will depend on the specific needs of the plants and soil conditions, and it is important to use fertilizers in moderation to avoid over-fertilization and potential environmental problems.

Explanation:

The complete and balanced equation for each reaction would be as follows:

To balance a chemical equation, you need to ensure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both the reactant and product sides.

This is done by adjusting the coefficients (numbers in front of the chemical formulas) until the equation is balanced. The coefficients must be the smallest whole numbers possible, and it may be necessary to add additional reactants or products to balance the equation.

Thus, the complete and balanced chemical equations for the reactions would be:

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The number of moles of the magnesium that is involved is 42 moles

To find the number of atoms using moles, we need to use Avogadro's number, which is the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) in one mole of a substance. Avogadro's number is approximately 6.022 x 10^23 particles per mole.

The formula to find the number of atoms using moles is:

Number of atoms = number of moles x Avogadro's number

We know that;

1 mole would contain 6.02 * 10^23 atoms

x moles will contain 2.5 x10^25 atoms

x = 42 moles

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Answer:

10 calories of heat would be required to heat 1 gram of pure liquid water from 10°C to 20°C.

Explanation:

To calculate the heat required to heat 1 gram of pure liquid water from 10°C to 20°C, we need to use the specific heat formula:

Q = m * c * ΔT

where Q is the heat required, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat of the substance, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

In this case, m = 1 gram, c = 1 calorie/g/°C, and ΔT = (20°C - 10°C) = 10°C. Substituting these values into the formula, we get:

Q = 1 gram * 1 calorie/g/°C * 10°C

Q = 10 calories

Therefore, 10 calories of heat would be required to heat 1 gram of pure liquid water from 10°C to 20°C.

the pH of the buffer solution after adding 0.100 mol of HCl is 2.99.

how to solve this problem, we will use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation ?

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

where pKa is the dissociation constant of the weak acid, [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base, and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid.

First, we need to calculate the concentrations of HF and NaF in the buffer solution. Since we have 0.300 mol of HF and 0.200 mol of NaF in 1.0 L of solution, the concentrations are:

[HF] = 0.300 M

[NaF] = 0.200 M

Next, we need to calculate the ratio of [A-]/[HA]. Since NaF is the conjugate base of HF, we can use the stoichiometry of the acid-base reaction to find that:

[A-]/[HA] = [NaF]/[HF] = 0.200/0.300 = 0.667

Now we can plug in the values into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

pH = -log(6.8 × 10⁻⁴) + log(0.667)

pH = 3.17 + (-0.177)

pH = 2.99

Therefore, the pH of the buffer solution after adding 0.100 mol of HCl is 2.99.

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Answer:

he balanced chemical equation for the reaction between NaN3 and Na2O is:

2 NaN3(s) → 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)

According to the stoichiometry of this equation, 2 moles of NaN3 will produce 2 moles of Na, which in turn will react with 3 moles of N2. Therefore, the volume of N2 gas produced is proportional to the volume of NaN3 used.

To find the volume of NaN3 required to produce 14.7 liters of N2, we need to use the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, n is the number of moles of the gas, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature of the gas.

Assuming standard temperature and pressure (STP), which is 0°C and 1 atmosphere, we can simplify the equation to:

V = n/22.4

where V is the volume of the gas in liters and n is the number of moles of the gas.

We can use this equation to convert the volume of N2 to moles:

n = PV/RT = (1 atm)(14.7 L)/(0.08206 L·atm/mol·K)(273 K) = 0.608 mol

According to the stoichiometry of the balanced equation, 2 moles of NaN3 will produce 0.608 mol of N2. Therefore, the number of moles of NaN3 required is:

n(NaN3) = 2 × n(N2) = 2 × 0.608 mol = 1.216 mol

Finally, we can use the molar volume of a gas at STP to convert the number of moles to volume:

V(NaN3) = n(NaN3)/22.4 = 1.216 mol/22.4 L/mol = 0.054 L

Therefore, 0.054 liters of NaN3 are required to produce 14.7 liters of Na2O.

Answer:

Ar effuses 1.37 times faster than Cl₂

Explanation:

The relative rate of effusion of two gases is given by the inverse ratio of the square root of their molar masses.

The molar mass of Ar is 39.95 g/mol

The molar mass of Cl₂ is 70.91 g/mol.

Therefore, the relative rate of effusion of Ar compared to Cl₂ can be calculated as follows:

Sqrt is the square root

sqrt(70.91)/sqrt(39.95) = 1.37

So, Ar effuses 1.37 times faster than Cl₂.

Answer: Density is an intensive property because there is a narrow range of densities across the samples. No matter what the initial mass was, densities were essentially the same. Since intensive properties do not depend on the amount of material, the data indicate that density is an intensive property of matter.

Density is an intensive property of matter that illustrates how much mass a substance has in a given amount of volume.

Answer:

2.74

Explanation:

Okay, let's go through the previous steps:

Pre-1982 pennies contribute 1.24 g to the overall mass

Post-1982 pennies contribute 1.50 g to the overall mass

To calculate the weighted average mass, I'll add these contributions together:

Pre-1982 contribution: 1.24 g

Post-1982 contribution: 1.50 g

Total weighted average mass = 1.24 g + 1.50 g = 2.74 g

An unknown element X has the following isotopes: ⁵²X (90.00% abundant, atomic mass = 52.04 amu), ⁴⁹X (8.00% abundant, atomic mass = 48.99 amu), and ⁵⁰X (2.00% abundant, atomic mass = 50.09 amu). The average atomic mass of X is 51.72 amu.

Isotopes are variations of chemical elements that have a varied number of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons. In other words, isotopes are different forms of the same element that have different amounts of nucleons (the sum of protons and neutrons) because of variations in the total number of neutrons in each of their individual nuclei.

For instance, the carbon isotopes carbon-14, carbon-13, and carbon-12 all exist. A total of 8 neutrons are present in carbon-14, 7 neutrons are present in carbon-13, and 6 neutrons are present in carbon-12.

Using the formula:

Average atomic mass=∑[tex]\frac{abundance}{100}[/tex]× Atomic mass

Substituting the values,

Average atomic mass = 51.72 amu

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The results of this investigation indicate that the quantity of salt dissolved in water affects how quickly an iron nail rusts.

The steps of the investigation of the rusting of nails are as follows:

Introduction:

Rusting is a common process in which iron reacts with oxygen and water in the presence of an electrolyte to form hydrated iron (III) oxide, commonly known as rust. In this investigation, we will explore how the amount of salt dissolved in water affects the rusting reaction of an iron nail.

Materials:

Iron nail

Water

Salt

3 small beakers

Stopwatch

Paper towels

Procedure:

Fill each beaker with 50 ml of water.

Dissolve different amounts of salt in each beaker as follows:

Beaker 1: 0 grams of salt

Beaker 2: 5 grams of salt

Beaker 3: 10 grams of salt

Place an iron nail in each beaker.

Record the time and observe the nails every hour for 6 hours.

Record your observations and take photos of the nails at the end of each hour.

At the end of the experiment, dry the nails with paper towels and compare their appearance.

Observations:

Beaker 1: No visible rust on the nail throughout the experiment.

Beaker 2: A small amount of rust appeared on the nail after 2 hours. The rust increased over time and covered about 25% of the nail surface after 6 hours.

Beaker 3: A significant amount of rust appeared on the nail after 1 hour. The rust increased rapidly and covered about 80% of the nail surface after 6 hours.

Conclusion:

The results of this investigation suggest that the rusting reaction of an iron nail depends on the amount of salt dissolved in water. When no salt was added to the water, no visible rust appeared on the nail. However, when salt was added, rust appeared on the nail. The amount of rust increased with the amount of salt added, indicating that the rusting reaction is accelerated in the presence of an electrolyte such as salt. This is because the presence of ions in the solution helps to conduct electricity, which facilitates the transfer of electrons between the iron and oxygen molecules, thus accelerating the rusting process.

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Answer:

Gravity is the long-range force that can pull entities with mass together over great distances to form galaxies, stars and planetary material. These objects are all the consequence of atoms and ions being first clustered into huge clouds of gas.

63.4 g of CH is needed to form 112 g of CH₂Cl₂.

Excess Cl₂ is assumed in the given reaction to ensure that all the CH available is consumed completely in the reaction, and there is no Cl₂ left over.

Let's assume x grams of CH is needed to form 112 g of CH₂Cl₂.

From the balanced equation of the second reaction, we can say that one mole of CH produces one mole of CH₂Cl₂.

Molar mass of CH₂Cl₂ = 12.01 + 2(1.01) + 2(35.45) = 84.93 g/mol

Number of moles of CH₂Cl₂ = 112 g / 84.93 g/mol = 1.318 mol

Since 65% yield is given for the second reaction, the actual amount of CH,CI produced will be 0.65 mol.

From the balanced equation of the first reaction, we can say that one mole of CH reacts with one mole of Cl₂ to produce one mole of CH,CI.

Since 82% yield is given for the first reaction, the actual amount of CH needed will be 0.65 / 0.82 = 0.793 mol.

Now, we can calculate the mass of CH needed as follows:

Mass of CH needed = 0.793 mol x 16.04 g/mol = 12.71 g

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(a) The hazard quotient is:

HQ = Intake / RfD = 0.0002 mg/day / 0.02 mg/kg/day = 0.01

(b) The cancer risk is 1 in 10,000.

(c) The cancer risk is 1 in 1,000.

Hazard quotient (HQ) is a measure used in risk assessment to evaluate the potential health risk posed by exposure to a chemical or other hazard. It is calculated as the ratio of the dose or exposure level of the chemical to a reference dose (RfD) or reference concentration (RfC) established by regulatory agencies or scientific bodies as a safe level of exposure. If the hazard quotient is greater than 1, it suggests that the level of exposure is of potential concern and additional risk assessment may be needed.

(a) The hazard quotient (HQ) is calculated as the daily intake of a chemical divided by its reference dose (RfD). The RfD for 1,1-dichloroethylene is 0.02 mg/kg/day.

The daily intake of 1,1-dichloroethylene can be calculated as:

Intake = concentration × ingestion rate × body weight

Intake = 0.1 μg/L × 2 L/day × 70 kg = 14 μg/day = 0.0002 mg/day

The hazard quotient is:

HQ = Intake / RfD = 0.0002 mg/day / 0.02 mg/kg/day = 0.01

(b) The cancer risk from exposure to 1,1-dichloroethylene can be estimated using the unit risk factor (URF) for this chemical, which is 0.5 per mg/kg/day. The cancer risk is calculated as:

Risk = Intake × URF = 0.0002 mg/day × 0.5 per mg/kg/day = 0.0001

Therefore, the cancer risk is 1 in 10,000.

(c) If the individual drinks this water for 30 years, the total exposure would be:

Exposure = Intake × 365 days/year × 30 years = 2.19 mg

The new hazard quotient is:

HQ = Exposure / (RfD × body weight) = 2.19 mg / (0.02 mg/kg/day × 70 kg) = 1.57

The new cancer risk is:

Risk = Exposure × URF = 2.19 mg × 0.5 per mg/kg/day = 1.10

Therefore, the cancer risk is 1 in 1,000.

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An example of a substance with a set proportion of elements that are chemically linked together to form a single entity is sodium chloride. These substances are referred to as compounds.

The reason why NaCl is powerful and highly ionic by nature is due to the electrostatic force contained within the free ions. The fact that NaCl may conduct electricity while it is molten is another compelling argument for classifying it as an ion.

There are no free ions in solid NaCl because the ions are bound in their lattice structure places, but the ions can move freely in liquid or molten form, which allows them to conduct electricity.

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The given question is incomplete. The complete question is:

Which of the following terms would best classify a sample of pure sodium chloride?

A) An element

B) A highly reactive metal

C) A poisonous gas

D) A compound

Answer:

NET equation: 2Br^- (aq) + Cr2+ (aq) → CrBr2 (aq)

The solubility signs for each compound are:

Barium bromide (BaBr2): (aq) - aqueous (soluble)

Chromium (II) sulfate (CrSO4): (aq) - aqueous (slightly soluble)

Barium sulfate (BaSO4): (s) - solid (insoluble)

Chromium (II) bromide (CrBr2): (aq) - aqueous (soluble)

Explanation:

Barium bromide and chromium (II) sulfate are both ionic compounds that can dissociate into their constituent ions in aqueous solutions. To write the net ionic equation for the reaction between barium bromide and chromium (II) sulfate, we first need to determine the state of the reactants and products (whether they are soluble or insoluble in water) using solubility rules.

Barium bromide (BaBr2) is soluble in water, while chromium (II) sulfate (CrSO4) is slightly soluble. When the two are mixed in water, a double displacement reaction takes place, producing barium sulfate (BaSO4) and chromium (II) bromide (CrBr2) as the products:

BaBr2 (aq) + CrSO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + CrBr2 (aq)

To write the net ionic equation, we need to eliminate any spectator ions that do not participate in the reaction. In this case, the barium and sulfate ions are spectator ions, as they appear unchanged on both sides of the equation. The net ionic equation is therefore:

2Br^- (aq) + Cr2+ (aq) → CrBr2 (aq)

where Br^- and Cr2+ are the ions that actually participate in the reaction.

The solubility signs for each compound are:

Barium bromide (BaBr2): (aq) - aqueous (soluble)

Chromium (II) sulfate (CrSO4): (aq) - aqueous (slightly soluble)

Barium sulfate (BaSO4): (s) - solid (insoluble)

Chromium (II) bromide (CrBr2): (aq) - aqueous (soluble)

The warmest climate zones, the Tropic Zones are close to the Equator and receive a lot of direct sunlight.

The tropics are parts of Earth that are situated essentially in the centre of the planet. the tropics that, in terms of latitude, are situated between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. The equator and portions of North America are included in the tropics.

As an illustration, hot places are typically found closer to the equator. Because the Sun shines most directly overhead at the equator, the climate is hotter there. Moreover, the North and South Poles are chilly because they receive the least direct sunlight and heat.

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a).017 moles of copper will react with 4 x 0.017 = 0.068 moles of HNO3.

B)  As excess HNO3 is 0.019mol, so for this reaction 0.019 mol/2 =  0.0095 mol of Na2CO3 will be required.

Due to its ductility and excellent conductivity, copper is primarily used in electrical generators, home and auto wiring, and the wires in electronics like radios, TVs, computers, lights, and motors.

Mass of copper = 1.07 g

Molar mass of copper = 63.55 g / mol

Moles of copper = mass/ molar mass = 1.07g/ 63.55g/mol = 0.017 mol

Vol of HNO3 = 5.5 ml

Concentration of HNO3  = 15.8 M

Moles of HNO3 = vol x concentration = (5.5/1000)L x 15.8 mol/L = 0.087 mol

(Since concentration is given in moles/L the volume also needs to be converted to liters. 5.5ml =  5.5/1000 L)

Based on the balanced chemical equation, 4 moles of HNO3 will react with 1 mole of copper to give 1 mole of copper nitrate.

So 0.017 moles of copper will react with 4 x 0.017 = 0.068 moles of HNO3.

Excess moles of HNO3 = moles of HNO3 added - moles of HNO3 reacted = 0.087mol- 0.068mol = 0.019 mol

On addition of Na2CO3 following reactions will occur

2) 2HNO3 + Na2CO3 ----------> 2NaNO3 + CO2 + H2O

This is the reaction that will take place between sodium carbonate and excess nitric acid. 2 moles of HNO3 will react with 1 mole of Na2CO3. As excess HNO3 is 0.019mol, so for this reaction 0.019 mol/2 =  0.0095 mol of Na2CO3 will be required.

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A.Homeostasis Conditions inside of an organ system must remain constant, despite changes to its external environment.An organism is kept alive by numerous chemical processes.

Homeostasis is a self-regulating process that allows an organism to retain internal stability while adapting to shifting external situations. It has emerged as the key unifying idea of physiology.

The preservation of a steady internal environment is known as homeostasis.The term "homeostasis" was developed to define the chemical and physical conditions that an organism needs maintain in order for its constituent cells, tissues, organs, or organ systems to function correctly.

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The mole ratio of carbon to oxygen is therefore 1:1, which means that the empirical formula of the second compound is CO.

According to Dalton's atomic theory, the empirical formula of a compound gives the smallest whole-number ratio of atoms in the compound. To determine the empirical formula of the second compound, we need to calculate the mole ratio of carbon to oxygen using the masses given in the problem.

The moles of carbon can be calculated as:

moles of C = 0.429 g / 12.01 g/mol = 0.0357 mol

The moles of oxygen can be calculated as:

moles of O = 0.571 g / 16.00 g/mol = 0.0357 mol

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According to the fictitious equation, 8.74 moles of Y would be required to initiate the reaction if we needed to produce 23.3 moles of Z.

The balanced chemical equation states that 2 moles of X and 3 moles of Y combine to create 8 moles of Z. In other words, 3 moles Y / 8 moles Z = x moles Y / 23.3 moles Z indicates that the mole ratio of Y to Z is 3:8.

where x is the required number of moles of Y.

Y = 3 moles * 23.

8 moles Z times x moles Y equals 3 moles Z.

69.9 = 8x

x = 8.74

As a result, 8.74 moles of Y would be required to make 23.3 moles of Z.

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When oxygen gas and 17.0 moles of sodium combine, 8.50 moles of Na2O are created.

The unit of measurement known as a mole (mol) is used to represent the quantity of a substance. The amount of a substance that has the same number of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12 is referred to as a mole. This number, which is roughly 6.022 x 1023, is referred to as Avogadro's number.

For the interaction between sodium and oxygen to form sodium oxide, the balanced chemical equation is:

4Na + O2 → 2Na2O

We can deduce from the equation that when 4 moles of sodium combine with 1 mole of oxygen, 2 moles of sodium oxide are created.

So, we must use stoichiometry to calculate how many moles of Na2O are created when 17.0 moles of Na react:

17.0 moles of Na × (1 mole of O2/ 4 moles of Na) × (2 moles of Na2O / 1 mole of O2) = 8.50 moles of Na2O

Consequently, when oxygen gas and 17.0 moles of sodium combine, 8.50 moles of Na2O are created.

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The product of oxidation of 3-methyl-2-pentanol is 3-methyl-pentan-2-one.

The oxidation of alcohol produces aldehyde and ketones.

Alcohols are a class of substances that have one, two, or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups bonded to the single alkane bond. These substances all have the generic formula R-OH. They play a crucial role in organic chemistry since they can be altered or transformed into other chemicals, including aldehydes and ketones, among others. There are two distinct sorts of alcohol reactions. These reactions have the ability to break the R-O bond or even the O-H bond.

The oxidation process transforms the alcohols into aldehydes and ketones. One of the most significant reactions in the study of organic chemistry is this one.

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The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is

Cl2 + 2HO → 2HCl + O2

What is  reaction ?

Reaction is a response to a situation or stimulus. It can be physical, mental, or emotional, and can range from subtle to extreme. It is a way to cope with the environment and is an important part of survival. Reactions can be conscious or unconscious and can be reflexive or voluntary. They can also be positive or negative, depending on the situation. Reactions vary depending on the individual, their experiences and their circumstances. Learning to recognize, understand, and control reactions can help people navigate challenging situations  

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Answer:

polymerization

Explanation:

any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer.