Answer:
a. Chloroplast: Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll, which is the pigment that gives plants their green color and is necessary for the absorption of light energy. Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy through a series of biochemical reactions that produce glucose, which is used by the plant as a source of energy.
b. Mitochondrion: Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are responsible for producing energy through cellular respiration. They contain their own DNA and are capable of self-replication. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food molecules into a form of energy that the cell can use, known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
c. Nucleus: The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material in the form of DNA. It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope that protects the DNA and regulates its interactions with the rest of the cell. The nucleus plays a vital role in the control of gene expression, cell division, and the overall function of the cell.
d. Protoplasm: Protoplasm is the living substance that makes up the cytoplasm of a cell. It consists of various organic and inorganic substances, including water, enzymes, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and salts. Protoplasm is responsible for carrying out many of the metabolic functions of the cell, including energy production, protein synthesis, and waste removal.
e. Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in the synthesis, folding, and transport of proteins and lipids. The ER is composed of a network of flattened sacs and tubules that are divided into rough and smooth regions. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of proteins, while the smooth ER is involved in the synthesis of lipids and the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins.
Explanation:
- the
e)
4. What are three characteristics of sediments found in a sedimentary rock? (6 points)
5. Sedimentary rocks are formed through both physical and chemical processes.
A. How are sedimentary rocks formed through physical processes? (3 points)
B. How are sedimentary rocks formed through chemical processes? (3 points)
two questions
A. Sedimentary rocks are formed through physical processes such as erosion, transportation and deposition.
What is Sedimentary?Sedimentary rocks are a type of rock formed by the accumulation and compaction of sediment, or particles of rock, minerals, and organic materials. They are the most common type of rock on Earth and form at or near the Earth's surface.
Erosion occurs when rocks, minerals, and other materials are moved by wind, water, or ice and deposited in a new location. Transportation occurs when particles are suspended in the water, ice, or wind and are moved to another location. Finally, deposition occurs when the particles are left behind in a new location, either on the surface or at the bottom of a body of water.
B. Sedimentary rocks are formed through chemical processes such as precipitation, evaporation, and dissolution. Precipitation is when minerals dissolve in water and form solid particles. Evaporation occurs when water evaporates and leaves behind salt and other minerals in the sediment. Dissolution is when minerals dissolve in water and form a solution that can then be deposited in a new location.
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Which inference can best be made based on the
diagram?
(1) Adaptations for living in trees are inherited
by all primates.
(2) Humans and apes have a common ancestor.
(3) The embryos of monkeys and apes are
identical.
(4) The period of development is similar in most
primates.
Humans and apes have a common ancestor inference can best be made based on the diagram.
Option 2 is correct.
The graph shows the developmental connection between various primate species, including people and chimps, and demonstrates that they share a typical genealogy. Based on scientific evidence, this suggests that they evolved from a common ancestor.
How do adaptations work?Changes in an organism's characteristics, behavior, or physiology that make it better able to survive and reproduce in its environment are known as adaptations. These changes could be physical, like a polar bear's thick fur, which keeps it warm in its icy habitat, or behavioral, like a bird migrating to a warmer climate in the winter. Natural selection is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment survive and pass on their traits to their offspring. Adaptations can be passed down from generation to generation and can be the result of natural selection.
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compare community conservation area and protected area
Answer:
Explanation:
Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which are internationally recognized within the framework of the Man and the Biosphere ( MAB) programme of the UNESCO and are not formed according to the guidelines of the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972 and may have one more national parks or wildlife.hus, protected areas are geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature and cultural values. In protected areas human occupation and exploitation of resources is limited.
Human Pedigree chart crossword puzzle
need the answers thank you
The correct options for the crossword puzzle in the human pedigree are:
Across
5. A circle or square that has a diagonal line across the front means that person is deceasedA bracketed circle or square with a capitol "A" inside means that person is affected/carrierA circle and a square that are connected by a straight line but also has 2 diagonal slashes on the line, means they are divorcedA diamond shape that has two dashes for edges and a capital "P" inside represents a pregnancyThe person making the chart has an arrow pointed to them. They are called the probandWhen you look at a pedigree, and mostly males and very few females are colored in, you could guess that the condition is X-linked recessiveDown
A circle that is only half-colored means that is a female carrierA male is represented by a squareA circle or square that is fully colored in means that individual is affectedA straight line connecting a circle and square means they are marriedIf only males exhibit the condition in a pedigree, then the trait is carried on the Y chromosome (2 words)A female is represented by a circleWhat is a human pedigree?A human pedigree is a diagram that depicts the family relationships and transmission of an inherited trait or disease within a family over several generations. In a pedigree, males are represented by squares, and females are represented by circles.
The symbols in a pedigree can indicate whether an individual is affected by the trait, whether they are a carrier, or whether they are unaffected. The pedigree can be used to analyze the mode of inheritance, whether it is autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, or X-linked recessive.
Pedigrees are an important tool in genetic counseling and can help identify individuals at risk of inheriting or transmitting a genetic disorder.
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There’s a second part to this guys I just posted it so look at that but we have to use this photo and find a pic online so we can asses the biodiversity of the selected environment in different ways
Assessing biodiversity of a selected environment can be done in various ways, including species richness, habitat, genetic and functional diversities among others.
What is biodiversity?Biodiversity is the variety and variability of life on Earth, including the diversity of species, ecosystems, and genetic variation within species.
Various ways to assess the biodiversity of a selected environment are:
Species richness and diversity: The number of different species present in an environment can indicate its level of biodiversity. A high species richness and diversity suggests a healthy ecosystem with many interdependent relationships between organisms.Habitat diversity: The range of different habitats in an environment can also indicate biodiversity. Different habitats support different species and can be used to measure the range of biodiversity in an area.Genetic diversity: Genetic variation within a species can be an indicator of biodiversity, as genetic diversity is important for adaptation and survival in changing environments.Functional diversity: This refers to the range of ecological roles and functions that different species perform in an environment. A higher functional diversity indicates a more resilient ecosystem.To find out more about biodiversity, visit:
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Due to the way in which it regulates a variety of body functions, the ________ is a part of the brain that is often compared to a thermostat.
Identify this compound
ОН
Answer:
the correct answer is A. 2-hydroxy butyl hexane
How many grams of NaCl are needed to make 3L of a 10% solution?
3. The study of fossils has allowed scientists to
environments and the history
(1) describe past
of life
(2) study present ocean temperatures at
different depths
DE
(3) analyze the chemical composition of
sedimentary rocks and minerals
(4) describe the details of the process by which
life first began on Earth
The study of fossils has allowed scientists to describe the details of the process by which life first began on Earth.
The correct option is D.
What is the importance of fossil studies?Any preserved remains, impression, or trace of a once-living object from a previous geological era is referred to as a fossil. Examples include exoskeletons, bones, shells, animal or microbe imprints in stone, items kept in amber, hair, petrified wood, and DNA traces.
The information of extinct animals and plants that existed hundreds of years ago is provided by fossils. We can make comparisons between the organisms that existed in the distant past and their modern offspring. They aid in the study of evolution and serve as a link between two populations.
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Substance Z is filtered, reabsorbed and secreted. If you were designing a system for
increasing renal excretion of Z when its intake is high, what are some ways this could be
achieved?
Answer:
To increase renal excretion of Substance Z when its intake is high, the following methods could be employed:
Increase filtration rate: Increasing the filtration rate of the kidneys can help to increase the amount of Substance Z that is excreted. This can be achieved by administering diuretics or increasing fluid intake.
Inhibit reabsorption: Inhibiting the reabsorption of Substance Z in the kidneys can increase the amount that is excreted. This can be achieved by administering specific drugs that inhibit the transporters responsible for reabsorption.
Increase secretion: Increasing the secretion of Substance Z in the kidneys can also increase the amount that is excreted. This can be achieved by administering drugs that stimulate the transporters responsible for secretion.
Alter pH of urine: Altering the pH of urine can also impact the excretion of Substance Z. For instance, increasing the pH of urine can enhance the excretion of weak acids like Substance Z, while decreasing the pH can enhance the excretion of weak bases.
Reduce protein intake: Substance Z may bind to protein in the blood and form complexes that are difficult to filter. Thus, reducing protein intake can lead to a decrease in the amount of Substance Z that is bound to protein, and consequently an increase in its excretion.
Increase physical activity: Increasing physical activity can help to increase blood flow to the kidneys, leading to an increase in filtration rate and excretion of Substance Z.
In summary, to increase renal excretion of Substance Z, one can employ strategies to increase filtration rate, inhibit reabsorption, increase secretion, alter urine pH, reduce protein intake, or increase physical activity. The most appropriate strategy may depend on the specific characteristics of Substance Z and the underlying physiological conditions of the individual.
Explanation:
Planning a menu takes serious thought, as you’ve learned. Between juggling time constraints, special diets, health goals, and basic nutritional needs, you have seen how creating a healthy menu is like putting together pieces of a puzzle. There’s one piece we left out though, and that’s budget. To create a menu that your family will actually be able to use, you need to make sure that you stay within your available funds.
Step 1: Make a Grocery List
Look back at your menu from the last activity. Using a word processing software, create a shopping list of the items you will need to prepare meals for that day.
Keep in mind that there are some items you might always have on hand; for instance, your family might already stock olive oil or regularly keep onions in the pantry. If so, make a note to the side that you already have this item to remind yourself that you need it to cook-but don’t need to purchase it.
Step 2: Set a Budget
Begin this step by consulting your parent, guardian, or whomever it is in your household who shops for groceries. Ask them what your family’s weekly grocery budget is. If they don’t have a budget, per se, ask if they know roughly how much your family spends per week on food.
Remember that you are planning one day’s menu. So take the amount you were given and divide it by seven. Ideally, this is how much money your family has per day to spend on food.
Step 3: Grocery Shop
Go online to the website of a grocery store in your area. You should be able to find one that lets you shop online or put items into an online shopping cart. Go through your list, noting the price of each item.
Step 4: Re-Evaluate
When you have the price for all items, add up your total. Did you stay within your budget? If not, you may need to go back and make some adjustments.
How could you do this? Perhaps you can adjust your menu by substituting an item for one that is less expensive. Or you could make use of an item twice by including it in more than one meal. Could it be your choice of stores?
To figure out how to do this, research comparative shopping techniques online. Chose at least two techniques that you might be able to use in order to make sure that you have found the best value for your food dollar.
Create a heading on your document called ‘Comparative Shopping’ and explain the two methods you used and give answers to these questions:
Did you find a huge difference in pricing?
Do you believe that comparative shopping could save you money or is it not worth your time?
You’re seeing that this all takes time and thought. But eating healthy now will save your family time, money, and effort in the future. (Poor eating habits lead to disease that must be treated.) Remember, when it comes to our health, we either pay now or pay later.
Your Budget, Grocery List, and paragraphs outlining the Comparative Shopping techniques you used are your deliverables for this activity.
how did the sea urchin population change over time in areas with otters?
Answer: The sea otter decline set off a trophic cascade in which the coastal marine ecosystem underwent a phase shift from kelp forests to deforested sea urchin barrens. This interaction in turn affected the distribution, abundance, and productivity of numerous other species.
Sea otters will use sea urchins as their food source, and sea urchins will eat kelp. This indicates that a higher number of sea otters will consume more sea urchins, which will decrease their number. A low number of sea urchins will consume less sea kelp, and hence, their number will be higher.
If a wave is traveling at a certain speed and the frequency is increased, what will happen to its wavelength?
Answer:
the wave length will decrease
If you are on a very low carb diet, what can your body break down and convert to glucose (that your brain needs for fuel)?
Explanation:
When on a very low carb diet, the body will break down and convert certain amino acids, such as alanine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, into glucose. This process is known as gluconeogenesis. The body can also convert certain fatty acids and glycerol from fat into glucose. This process is known as lipolysis. Both of these processes provide the glucose needed for the brain to function properly.
Ichythyoisis hystrix gravier (a greatly thickened bumpy condition of the skin) is a rare human abnormality, but in the
families in which it occurs, it always occurs in males and is transmitted from the father to all of his sons. Unaffected
females never transmit the gene for this condition. What explanation can you suggest for this curious and unusual type of
inheritance. With punnet square
The pattern of inheritance described is consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance
Genetic inheritance explained.
The pattern of inheritance described is consistent with X-linked recessive inheritance. In this type of inheritance, the gene causing the condition is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
If a female carries a recessive X-linked gene, she will be unaffected because she has a second X chromosome that can provide a normal copy of the gene. However, if a male inherits the recessive X-linked gene from his mother, he will express the condition because he does not have a second X chromosome to provide a normal copy of the gene. Therefore, the condition appears to skip generations and is only passed from affected fathers to their sons.
A Punnett square can be used to illustrate the inheritance of X-linked recessive traits. In this case, we would use a modified Punnett square that only shows the inheritance of the X chromosome. Let's assume that the gene causing chythyoisis hystrix gravier is represented by the recessive allele "x" on the X chromosome.
The Punnett square for a cross between an unaffected female (XX) and an affected male (XY) would look like this:
| X | X
--|-----|-----
Y | Xx | Xy
--|-----|-----
Y | Xx | Xy
In this case, all of the male offspring inherit an X chromosome with the recessive "x" allele from their father, resulting in the expression of the condition. None of the female offspring inherit the recessive allele from their father and are therefore unaffected carriers.
Note that X-linked recessive inheritance can also result in affected females if both of their X chromosomes carry the recessive allele. However, this is relatively rare because the chance of inheriting two copies of the recessive allele is low
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Given the following diagram, how many lariats will be formed upon mRNA splicing?
It appears like two lariats will be created upon mRNA splicing. The excised intron between exons 1 and 2 will make one lariat, while the removed intron between exons 2 and 3 will generate the other lariat.
What is an RNA's primary purpose?Translation is the major way that RNA makes proteins. RNA transmits genetic information that ribosomes interpret into a variety of proteins required for biological functions. The three primary RNA subtypes involved in protein synthesis are mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
Where can you find RNA?The most prevalent type of RNA present in cells is ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which accounts for about 50% of the structure of the ribosomes.
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3. Stratigraphy helps paleontologists understand the sequence of events in Earth's history.
A. What are two of the principles of stratigraphy? (4 points)
B. How is each principle used to make it easier for geologists to understand Earth's past? (6
points)
Answer:
Law of Superposition - This principle states that in a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top. This principle allows geologists to determine the relative ages of rocks and fossils based on their positions within the rock layers.
Principle of Original Horizontality - This principle states that sedimentary rocks are originally deposited in horizontal or nearly horizontal layers. Any deviations from this horizontal orientation are the result of subsequent geological events, such as folding or faulting. This principle allows geologists to identify rocks that have been tilted or overturned, which can provide clues to the tectonic history of an area.
B. The Law of Superposition and the Principle of Original Horizontality are used in the following ways to make it easier for geologists to understand Earth's past:
Dating of rocks and fossils - By applying the Law of Superposition, geologists can determine the relative ages of rocks and fossils within a sequence of sedimentary rocks. This information can be used to construct a geological time scale, which provides a chronological framework for Earth's history.
Interpretation of depositional environments - The Principle of Original Horizontality helps geologists to interpret the depositional environments in which sedimentary rocks were formed. By analyzing the sedimentary structures and fossils within the rocks, geologists can reconstruct the ancient environments in which they were deposited, such as river channels, deltas, or shallow marine environments.
Identification of geological events - Both principles can be used to identify geological events that have affected the sedimentary rocks, such as folding, faulting, and erosion. By analyzing the orientation of rock layers and the relationships between different rock units, geologists can reconstruct the geological history of an area and infer the types of tectonic forces that have shaped it.
Explanation:
Answer:
A. Two of the principles of stratigraphy are:
Law of Superposition: This principle states that in a sequence of rock layers, the oldest rocks are found at the bottom, and the youngest rocks are found at the top.
Principle of Faunal Succession: This principle states that different rock layers contain different fossil assemblages that succeed each other vertically in a predictable order.
B. Each principle is used to make it easier for geologists to understand Earth's past in the following ways:
Law of Superposition: This principle allows geologists to determine the relative ages of rock layers, even if they are not in the same location. By comparing the rock layers in different locations, geologists can create a timeline of Earth's history and understand how different events occurred in different places at different times.
Principle of Faunal Succession: This principle allows geologists to use fossils to date rock layers. By examining the fossil assemblages in different rock layers, geologists can determine the relative ages of those layers and create a more precise timeline of Earth's history. This principle is also useful for correlating rock layers between different locations, as similar fossil assemblages can indicate that two rock layers are of similar age.
Overall, the principles of stratigraphy provide geologists with a framework for understanding the sequence of events in Earth's history. By using these principles to analyze rock layers and fossils, geologists can create a more complete picture of the past and better understand how our planet has changed over time.
Explanation:
Regions of the earth that are near the ocean have a different climate than mountainous regions that are far from the ocean. How does the climate in these two regions most likely differ
Mountainous regions have lower yearly temperatures than regions near an ocean.
Compare and contrast different techniques to stop smoking and for cutting down on excessive alcohol consumption
Explanation:
skin patches, chewing gum, inhalator,nasal and mouth spary
5. Earthquakes can cause millions of dollars in damage and can lead to injuries or death.
A. Name two types of damage that can be caused by an earthquake. (2 points)
B. How does an earthquake cause each of these types of damage? (2 points)
Answer:
A. Two types of damage that can be caused by an earthquake are structural damage and landslides.
B. An earthquake causes structural damage by shaking the ground, which can cause buildings, bridges, and other structures to collapse or sustain damage. Landslides can occur when the ground is shaken loose and gives way, causing soil and rocks to slide downhill. This can damage homes, roads, and other infrastructure in the affected area.
Explanation:
Develop a public service announcement telling your audience about the negative side of taking drugs or if you want - choose a specific drug ( cocaine, Marijuana, caffeine)
Be creative. How would you structurethe PSA?
Who is your audience?
Answer:
can I get a crown
Explanation:
Our audience is young people who are considering taking drugs.
PS
Taking drugs can have negative consequences on your health, your relationships, and your life. Drugs can ruin your future and can even be deadly. Think before you take drugs – the risks are not worth it.
How do you feel knowing that more than 75% of the processed food in the US contains GMOs?
Answer:
I find it intresting but I dont really care. These days GMOs are everywere theres no avoiding that. And it has been proven by Harvard university, the national academy for science and many more that GMOs dont cause a lot of health problems so its not something I worry about.
Explanation:
what climates are temperate continental? i need it answered before 10 pm est
Answer:
Temperate continental climates are typically found in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere, particularly in the interior regions of continents. Some examples of regions with temperate continental climates include:
The Great Plains region of North America, which includes parts of the United States and Canada
The interior regions of Europe, including parts of Germany, Poland, and Russia
The central and eastern regions of China
The central and southern regions of South America, including parts of Argentina and Uruguay
The interior regions of Australia, including parts of New South Wales and Victoria.
Temperate continental climates are characterized by four distinct seasons, with hot summers and cold winters. They typically have low to moderate precipitation levels and can experience significant temperature fluctuations throughout the year.
Answer: Regions with mild and continental climates are also called temperate regions. Both climate types have distinct cold seasons. In these parts of the world, the climate is influenced mainly by latitude and a region's position on the continent. Mediterranean climates have warm summers and short, mild, rainy winters.
What is TRUE of malnourishment?
Malnourishment is only a problem of food quantity.
It only happens when a person doesn't get enough calories.
It can occur when people get enough calories, but not enough of one or more key nutrients.
People who get too many calories cannot be malnourished.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are processes that transfer energy and cycle matter. Explain how each process transfers energy, and how energy transfers from one form to another throughout the process. Then explain how each process cycles carbon for the Earth.
Answer
The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms,
Explanation:
The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again. Most carbon is stored in rocks and sediments, while the rest is stored in the ocean, atmosphere, and living organisms. Carbon moves from plants and animals to soils. When plants and animals die, their bodies, wood and leaves decays bringing the carbon into the ground. Some is buried and will become fossil fuels in millions and millions of years. Carbon moves from living things to the atmosphere.
1. The energy from the sun eventually gets stored in fossil fuels.quote? (4 points)
A. What biological process converts sunlight into energy for living organisms? (1 point)
B. What types of energy are involved in this process? (4 points)
C. What events cause the formation of fossil fuels? (5 points)
Answer:
A. The biological process that converts sunlight into energy for living organisms is photosynthesis.
B. The types of energy involved in photosynthesis are radiant energy from the sun, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose and other organic compounds.
C. Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of dead organisms that have been buried and subjected to high pressure and temperature over millions of years. The process begins with the deposition of organic material such as dead plants and animals in sedimentary rock. Over time, the organic material is buried deeper and deeper, and as the pressure and temperature increase, the material is converted into fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. This process is known as fossilization. It can take millions of years for fossil fuels to form, and they are considered non-renewable resources because they cannot be replenished on a human timescale.
Explanation:
A. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into energy for living organisms.
B. Types of energy involved in photosynthesis are solar energy and chemical energy (glucose).
C. Fossil fuels are formed through the accumulation, burial, and transformation of organic matter under heat and pressure over millions of years.
Quote: "The energy from the sun eventually gets stored in fossil fuels."
A. Biological Process: Photosynthesis is the biological process that converts sunlight into energy for living organisms.
Photosynthesis is a vital biological process carried out by green plants, algae, and some bacteria. During photosynthesis, these organisms use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose (a form of chemical energy) and oxygen. The process takes place in chloroplasts, where pigments like chlorophyll capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy, which is then stored in the form of glucose.
B. Types of Energy Involved: Photosynthesis involves two types of energy:
Solar Energy: Sunlight provides the energy required for the photosynthesis process. Solar energy is absorbed by pigments in chloroplasts and converted into chemical energy.Chemical Energy: Chemical energy is stored in the form of glucose molecules produced during photosynthesis. This energy-rich molecule is used by plants and other organisms as a source of fuel for various cellular processes.C. Formation of Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels are formed through a combination of geological processes over millions of years. The key events leading to their formation are as follows:
Accumulation of Organic Matter: Dead plants, algae, and other organic materials accumulate at the bottom of oceans and swamps over time.Burial and Decomposition: The accumulated organic matter gets buried under layers of sediment, preventing decomposition by bacteria.Heat and Pressure: As more sediment accumulates over the organic matter, heat and pressure increase with depth, initiating the process of fossilization.Conversion to Fossil Fuels: The high heat and pressure transform the organic matter into fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas through processes like diagenesis and catagenesis.In summary, photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose, which is then used by living organisms as fuel. Over geological time, the energy captured by ancient plants during photosynthesis has been preserved in fossil fuels, which are essential sources of energy for modern society.
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If you infect the buffalo population with a disease how do you predict that will affect the buffalo population ?
It will decrease the population of Buffalo.
Without proper treatment, the Buffalo will die off. Resulting in less buffalo.
state the difference between a main root and a lateral root
Answer:
The primary root or radicle grows from the seed while the lateral roots come from founder cells in the pericycle or the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder.
4. Which best describes a diagram of evolution? sc.7.L.15.2
Answer:
The best description would be a bush.
Explanation:
Evolution resembled a tree, with a trunk branching off into different branches, which branch off into smaller branches, etc. This is basically the same as a bush. Any kind of line that's just a line, without any branching out, doesn't properly represent evolution because it only follows one line of evolution instead of accounting for the full picture.
Question 1 1) The mass of a ribosome is 210 x 10-18 g. Assume it is a perfect sphere with a radius of 0.O1um. Calculate the sedimentation coefficient (SLin Svedbergs in a medium of viscosity (n) 1.59 poise (g/cm/s): T=3.142_ 2) The ribosome is pelleted at an angular velocity of 4188 rad/s using a rotor of radius 10 cm. What g-force (centrifugal force) is applied to the particle? 3) Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is used as a marker for mitochondria: A cell is fractionated by differential centrifugation and the distribution of SDH calculated providing the partial data below: fraction 2,500g pellet 70,00Og pellet 300,000g pellet cytosolic ASDH 1250 ISDH % protein 30 RSA 2250 20 750 15 350 35 (a) Complete the information in columns 3 and 5_ (b) Plot the data as a bar histogram with RSA on V-axis and % protein on X-axis (c) Which fraction is enriched in the mitochondria?
The sedimentation coefficient of the ribosome is 78.5 S. The centrifugal force applied on the particle is 377.6 x [tex]10^{-12}[/tex] N, therefore, the g-force applied to the particle is 1,960,292 g.
How do you calculate the sedimentation coefficient of the particle?We can apply the following formula to determine the ribosome's sedimentation coefficient:
S = (2/9) * (r^2) * (p - f) / n
where:
f = density of the solvent (assumed to be water) = 1 g/cm3
n = viscosity of the solvent = 1.59 poise = 0.000159 g/cm/s
r = radius of the ribosome = 0.01 um = 0.0000001 cm
p = density of the ribosome = mass/volume = mass / ((4/3) * pi * (r))) = 210 x [tex]10^{-18}[/tex] g
By entering these values, we obtain:
S = (2/9)* (0.0000001 cm)* (1.407 g/cm3 - 1 g/cm3)* (0.000159 g/cm/s)* (1.407 g/cm2 * 2 *)* = 78.5 S
As a result, the ribosome's sedimentation coefficient is 78.5 S.
How do you calculate the centrifugal force and g-force on the particle?We can use the following formula to get the centrifugal force exerted on the ribosome:
F = m * r * w^2
where: w = angular velocity = 4188 rad/s
m = mass of the ribosome = 210 x [tex]10^{-18}[/tex] g
r = radius of the rotor = 10 cm
By entering these values, we obtain:
F = 210 x [tex]10^{-18}[/tex] g x 10 cm x 4188 rad/s / 2 = 377.6 x [tex]10^{-12}[/tex] N
We may divide this by the acceleration caused by gravity to get the g-force:
g = F/(m*g) = (377.6 x [tex]10^{-12}[/tex] N)/(210 x [tex]10^{-18}[/tex] g * 9.81 m/s2) = 1,960,292 g
As a result, the ribosome is subjected to a centrifugal force of 1,960,292 g.
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